Abstract & References Vol 26 No 4 (2022)

Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 26 No 4 (2022): 884 - 901

POLYPHENOL-MEDIATED GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES: A NOVEL SIZE-CONTROLLED APPROACH

(Sintesis Hijau dengan Mediasi Polifenol dan Ciri Antibakteria Zink Oksida: Pendekatan Kawalan Saiz Baharu)

Neo Zhi Zing¹, Balkis A. Talip¹*, Soon Chin Fhong², Ainun Rahmahwati Ainuddin³, Hatijah Basri¹

¹Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology,

²Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

³Nano Structure and Surface Modification (NANOSURF), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: balkis@uthm.edu.my

Received: 15 March 2022 ; Accepted: 18 May 2022 ; Published: 25 August 2022

Abstract

The concept of feasibility in green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles has been discussed in many studies. However, size control using volume of plant extracts undermines the process upscaling potential. This study is aimed at improving the repeatability and reproducibility of green synthesis of ZnO by controlling total phenolic content of plant extracts. Leaf extracts of Camellia sinensis, Manilkara zapota and Elaeis guineensis were incorporated at gallic acid equivalent of 100 mgg^-1 to synthesize ZnO. The phytochemical profile of plant extracts and physical properties of ZnO were determined. In addition, antibacterial activity of ZnO against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Consistency in particle sizes of ZnO has justified the feasibility of using total phenolic content for size control. Under neutral pH, role of phytochemicals as chelating agents predominated. Under basic condition, complex phytochemicals demonstrated structure-directing effect on ZnO microparticles. The antibacterial strength of ZnO has been reduced by 16 times with reduction in particle size. Meanwhile, the incorporation of phytochemicals enhanced antibacterial activity of ZnO by fourfold. This study proposed that particle size and morphology of ZnO could be controlled through manipulation of total phenolic content of plant extracts and the reaction pH of green synthesis.

Keywords: green synthesis, polyphenol, zinc oxide, size control

Abstrak

Konsep dalam kebolehlaksanaan proses sintesis hijau terhadap nanopartikel zink oksida (ZnO) telah diperjelaskan dalam pelbagai kajian. Namun begitu, kawalan saiz menggunakan isipadu ekstrak tumbuhan menjejaskan potensi dalam meningkatkan skala proses. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kebolehulangan sintesis hijau ZnO dengan mengawal jumlah kandungan fenolik ekstrak tumbuhan yang digabungkan. Ekstrak daun Camellia sinensis, Manilkara zapota dan Elaeis guineensis telah dicampurkan pada persamaan asid gallik sebanyak 100 mgg^-1 untuk menghasilkan ZnO. Profil fitokimia ekstrak tumbuhan dan sifat fizikal ZnO telah ditentukan. Di samping itu, aktiviti antibakteria ZnO terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus telah diperiksa. Ketekalan dalam saiz partikel ZnO menjustifikasikan kebolehlaksaan penggunaan jumlah kandungan fenolik untuk kawalan saiz dalam sintesis hijau. Di bawah pH neutral, peranan fitokimia sebagai agen pengkelat berdominasi. Di bawah keadaan alkali, fitokimia kompleks menunjukkan kesan pengarahan struktur pada mikropartikel ZnO. Kekuatan antibakteria ZnO berkurangan sebanyak 16 kali ganda dengan pengurangan saiz partikel. Sementara itu, penggunaan fitokimia dalam proses sintesis telah meningkatkan aktiviti antibakteria ZnO sebanyak 4 kali ganda. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa saiz partikel dan morfologi ZnO boleh dikawal melalui manipulasi jumlah kandungan fenolik ekstrak tumbuhan dan pH tindak balas sintesis hijau.

Kata kunci: sintesis hijau, polifenol, zink oksida, kawalan saiz

Graphical Abstract

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