Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 26 No 1
(2022): 58 - 69
EFFECT OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT ON TENSILE
PROPERTIES AND BIODEGRADATION OF PECTIN WITH EGGSHELL BIOPLASTIC
(Kesan Pelarut Eutektik kepada Sifat Tensil dan
Biodegradasi Bioplastik Pektin dengan Cangkang Telur)
Non Daina Masdar, Rizana Yusof *, Nur Amni Ramzani
Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus,
02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: rizana@uitm.edu.my
Received: 12 September
2021; Accepted: 21 December 2021; Published: 25 February 2022
Abstract
Pectin has excellent potential as a main source of bioplastic
due to its biodegradability. However, the neat pectin-based film has poor
chemo-physical properties and low mechanical performance. In this study, the
pectin-based film is successfully modified by adding eggshell and deep eutectic
solvent (DES), comprising choline chloride and malonic acid, as a filler and
plasticiser to enhance the performance of bioplastic. Five pectin-based
bioplastics were prepared: pectin/eggshell (without DES) and pectin/eggshell
with each 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of DES. The bioplastics were characterised by the
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inverted camera analysis.
The presence of filler and the effect of different DES concentrations were
studied based on mechanical properties, biodegradability, and water uptake. The
results showed that the addition of different percentages of DES had decreased
the tensile strength and increased the flexibility of the bioplastic.
Biodegradability testing using compost soil demonstrated an increased
degradation rate when a high concentration of DES (4%) was added. The DES of
choline chloride and malonic acid shows high potential as a plasticiser in
pectin/eggshell bioplastic.
Keywords: pectin, plasticiser,
deep eutectic solvent, eggshell filler, bioplastic
Abstrak
Pektin berpotensi sebagai sumber utama bioplastik kerana
sifat biodegradasinya. Walau bagaimanapun, bioplastik yang hanya berasaskan
pektin sahaja mempunyai sifat kimia-fizikal yang lemah dan prestasi mekanikal
yang rendah. Dalam kajian ini, filem bioplastik berdasarkan pektin telah
berjaya diubah suai dengan menambahkan cangkang telur dan pelarut eutektik
(DES), yang mengandungi kolin klorida dan asid malonik, sebagai pengisi dan
pemplastik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi bioplastik. Lima
bioplastik berasaskan pektin disediakan: pektin/cangkang telur (tanpa DES) dan
pektin/cangkang telur dengan masing-masing 1%, 2%, 3%, dan 4% DES. Bioplastik
yand dihasilkan dicirikan secara fizik menggunakan spektroskopi Fourier-penukaran
inframerah (FTIR) dan analisis kamera terbalik. Kehadiran pengisi dan kesan
kepekatan DES yang berbeza dikaji berdasarkan sifat mekanik,
kebolehbiodegradasian, dan pengambilan air. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa
penambahan peratus DES yang berbeza telah menurunkan kekuatan dan meningkatkan
fleksibiliti bioplastik. Ujian biodegradasi menggunakan tanah kompos
menunjukkan peningkatan kadar degradasi apabila peratus DES yang tinggi (4%)
digunakan. DES bagi kolin klorida dan asid malonik menunjukkan potensi yang
tinggi sebagai pemplastik di dalam bioplastik pektin/cangkang telur.
Kata
kunci: pektin, pemplastik, pelarut eutektik, pengisi cangkang telur,
bioplastik
Graphical Abstract
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