Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 25 No 6 (2021): 1095 - 1106

 

 

 

 

OPTIMISATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED WATER EXTRACTION OF PINEAPPLE PEEL HEMICELLULOSE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

 

(Pengoptimuman Pengekstrakan Air Berbantu Gelombang Mikro Bagi Hemiselulosa Kulit Nanas Menggunakan Kaedah Gerak Balas Permukaan)

 

Nur Aza Atiqah Mad Zahir, Noraini Hamzah, Hamizah Mohd Zaki, Shariff Ibrahim, Sabiha Hanim Saleh*

 

School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*corresponding author:  sabihahanim@uitm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 17 August 2021; Accepted: 20 October 2021; Published:  27 December 2021

 

 

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation is to optimise extraction conditions (temperature and time) for microwave-assisted water extraction of pineapple peel hemicellulose using response surface methodology (RSM). A series of 14 experimental designs were conducted to determine the optimal conditions of two key variables (temperature of 90-150 °C and time of 5-20 min) in order to maximise the extracted hemicellulose yield. Quadratic models based on central composite design (CCD) were developed to correlate the extraction process variables with the response (i.e., hemicellulose yield). These models were analysed using appropriate statistical methods (i.e., analysis of variance). The statistical analysis indicated that all the developed models were adequate for the prediction of the respective responses. A quadratic model predicted a maximum hemicellulose yield of 15.6% at the optimal temperature of 125 °C and extraction time of 14 min. From the validation experiment, a maximum hemicellulose yield of 15.2% was obtained under the same optimal conditions with the determination coefficient (R²) of 0.95, indicating close agreement with the model prediction. Chemical characterisations of hemicellulose and residues were conducted using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of hemicellulose at a specific band of 1261 cm^–1 and the band between 1094 and 1000 cm^–1, which originated from xylans. The SEM characterisation indicated that the untreated pineapple peel had a broken surface and less distortion compared to the treated pineapple peel, whereas the surface structure of the treated pineapple peel had irregular crevices and larger cell disruption.

 

Keywords:   pineapple peel, hemicellulose, microwave-assisted water extraction, response surface methodology, central composite design

 

Abstrak

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menyiasat kesan keadaan pengekstrakan dibantu gelombang mikro (suhu, masa) ke atas hasil hemiselulosa kulit nanas menggunakan kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM). 14 reka bentuk eksperimen telah dibangunkan untuk menentukan keadaan optimum dua parameter utama (suhu 90-150 ⁰C dan masa 5-20 min) yang memaksimumkan hasil pengekstrakan hemiselulosa. Berdasarkan reka bentuk komposit pusat (CCD), model kuadratik dibangunkan untuk mengaitkan pembolehubah proses pengekstrakan dengan respons seperti hasil hemiselulosa. Model-model ini dianalisis menggunakan kaedah statistik yang sesuai seperti analisis varians. Analisis statistik menunjukkan semua model yang dibangunkan adalah mencukupi untuk ramalan tindak balas masing-masing. Model kuadratik meramalkan hasil hemiselulosa yang maksimum 15.6% pada suhu optimum 125 ⁰C dan masa pengekstrakan selama 14 min. Daripada eksperimen pengesahan, hasil maksimum hemisellulosa 15.2% diperoleh dalam keadaan optimum yang sama dengan pekali penentuan (R²) 0.95, menunjukkan persetujuan dekat dengan ramalan model. Pencirian kimia hemiselulosa dan sisa ditentukan oleh FTIR dan SEM. Analisis FTIR mendedahkan kehadiran hemiselulosa pada jalur tertentu 1261 cm^-1 dan jalur antara 1094-1000 cm^-1 yang berasal daripada xilan. Pencirian SEM menunjukkan bahawa kulit nanas yang tidak dirawat mempunyai permukaan pecah dan sedikit gangguan berbanding kulit nanas yang dirawat sedangkan struktur permukaan kulit nanas yang dirawat mempunyai celah-celah yang tidak teratur dan kemusnahan sel yang lebih besar.

 

Kata kunci:   kulit nanas, hemiselulosa, ketuhar gelombang mikro berbantu pengekstrakan air, kaedah gerak balas permukaan, reka bentuk komposit pusat

 

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