Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 25 No 6 (2021): 1081 - 1094

 

 

 

 

MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS IN KAKAWATE (Gliricidia sepium) AS PESTICIDE AGAINST BLACK BEAN APHIDS (Aphis fabae)

 

(Pemodelan dan Pengoptimuman Pengekstrakan Berbantu Gelombang Mikro bagi Jumlah Fenolik dalam Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) sebagai Racun Makhluk Perosak Afid Kacang Hitam (Aphis fabae))

 

Rhonalyn V. Maulion*, John Marco I. Matira, Kristine May M. Fanoga, Maricar C. Marasigan, Melissa Marie C. Dimaculangan⁵

 

 

Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Architecture and Fine Arts,

Batangas State University, Batangas City, Philippines

 

*Corresponding author:  rhonalyn.maulion@g.batstate-u.edu.ph

 

 

Received: 15 July 2021; Accepted: 28 October 2021; Published:  27 December 2021

 

 

Abstract

Pest infestation is one of the serious problems of the agricultural sector in crop production and may even pose health hazards to humans. Aphis fabae, normally known as black bean aphid, is one of the main culprits that predominantly damage growing crops particularly beans, celery, and peas and may carry diseases as they multiply. Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extracts was prepared using microwave assisted extraction and used as pesticide against black bean aphids in string beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a rapid method of extraction of active components of plants which employ microwave energy to heat sample-solvent mixture at a short period of time. A central composite design (CCD) was employed to evaluate the effect of irradiation time (1.5 minutes) and microwave power (210W, 350W) on the phenolic content of the extract. Response surface methodology (RSM) determined the optimized conditions of MAE of total phenolics in dried G. sepium leaves. The optimized conditions were obtained at irradiation time of 2.44 minutes and microwave power of 275W with total phenolic content of 9.022 mg-GAE/g-dry sample. The presence of bioactive compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols were confirmed in the extract. The mortality or average life span of A. fabae upon application of G. sepium pesticide and commercially available pesticide are 5.17 seconds and 4.73 seconds, of which the difference is insignificant with the p-value one tail (0.002) and two tail (0.005) effect. No significant effect on the height of plant and number of P. vulgaris leaves at 10 days after the application of G. sepium pesticide (p = 0.022) and commercially available pesticide (p = 0.026) which make it a great potential biopesticide. 

 

Keywords: black bean aphids, botanical pesticides, Gliricidia sepium, microwave assisted extraction, total phenolic content

 

Abstrak

Serangan makhluk perosak ialah satu masalah serius bagi sektor pertanian terutama hasil tuaian dan mungkin memberi kesan kesihatan terhadap manusia. Aphis fabae, juga dikenali sebagai afid kacang hitam, merupakan satu dari pemangsa utama yang merosakkan tanaman seperti kacang, seleri, kacang pea dan membawa penyakit. Ekstrak daun Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) telah disediakan melalui pengekstrakan berbantu gelombang mikro dan digunakan sebagai racun mahkluk perosak bagi melawan afid kacang hitam dalam untaian kacang (Phaseolus vulgaris). Pengekstrakan berbantu gelombang mikro (MAE) ialah satu kaedah pantas bagi pengekstrakan sebatian aktif dari tumbuhan di mana tenaga gelombang mikro digunakan memanaskan sampel campuran pelarut dalam tempoh masa yang singkat. Reka bentuk komposit berpusat (CCD) telah dibangunkan bagi penilaian kesan masa penyinaran (1.5 minit) dan kuasa gelombang mikro (210W, 350W) terhadap kandungan fenolik bagi hasil ekstrak. Keadaan optimum MAE bagi jumlah fenolik daun kering G. sepium ditentukan melalui kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM). Keadaan optimum telah diperolehi pada masa penyinaran 2.44 minit dan kuasa gelombang mikro ialah 275 W bersamaan jumlah kandungan fenolik 9.022 mg-GAE/g-sampel kering. Kehadiran sebatian bioaktif seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin dan fenol telah disahkan melalui hasil ekstrak. Kadar kematian atau purata jangka hayat bagi A. fabae berdasarkan pengunaan racun makhluk perosak G. sepium dan perbandingan racun komersial ialah 5.17 saat dan 4.74 saat, di mana perbezaannya tidak signifikan dengan nilai p kesan satu arah (0.002) dan dua arah (0.005). Tiada kesan signifikan terhadap ketinggian pokok dan bilangan  P. vulgaris selepas 10 hari racun G.sepium digunapakai (p = 0.022) dan racun komersial (p = 0.026) di mana ia menunjukkan potensi yang baik sebagai racun mahkluk perosak bio.

 

Kata kunci:   afid kacang hitam, racun botani, Gliricidia sepium, pengekstrakan berbantu gelombang mikro, jumlah kandungan fenolik

 

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