Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 25 No 6 (2021): 1056 - 1067

 

 

 

 

BIO-COAL OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF DRY LEAVES VIA LOW-TEMPERATURE MECHANISM

 

(Kajian Pengoptimuman Terhadap Bio-Arang Batu Mengunakan Daun Kering Melalui Mekanisme Suhu Rendah)

 

Siti Solehah Misni¹, Nor Hazelah Kasmuri^1,2*, Fuzieah Subari¹, Zalizawati Abdullah^1,2, Suhaiza Hanim Hanipah¹

 

¹School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering

²Industrial Process Reliability and Sustainability Research Group, College of Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author:  norhazelah@uitm.edu.my

 

 

Received:  13 July 2021; Accepted: 17 October 2021; Published:  27 December 2021

 

 

Abstract

The abundant resources of forestry waste, such as dry leaves, find utility in the bio-coal production industry. In this study, bio-coal produced via the low-temperature mechanism of torrefaction was optimized using response surface method (RSM). The dry torrefaction method was conducted for 60–90 min with biomass loading of 50–100 g and a temperature range of 200–350 °C.The torrefaction process of dry leaves was executed in a furnace and was optimized by using RSM’s factorial design. The optimal conditions were reaction temperature of 200 °C, a reaction time of 60 min, and a biomass loading of 100 g, which produced maximum bio-coal yield (85.33%). Bio-coal products were characterized using a thermogravimetric analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry to determine the weight loss, thermal effect profile, and functional groups of phenol, alcohol, ester, ether, and aromatic groups in bio-coal.

 

Keywords:  bio-coal, dry leaves, optimization, response surface method, torrefaction

 

Abstrak

Sumber sisa hutan yang banyak, seperti daun kering, mempunyai kegunaan yang relevan dalam industri pengeluaran bio-arang batu. Bio-arang batu yang dihasilkan melalui mekanisme suhu rendah torefaksi dioptimumkan dengan kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM). Kaedah kering torefaksi dilakukan selama 60-90 min dengan muatan biojisim 50-100 g dan julat suhu 200-350 °C. Proses torefaksi daun kering dilakukan di relau pembakaran dan dioptimumkan dengan menggunakan rekabentuk faktorial RSM. Keadaan optimum ialah suhu reaksi 200°C, masa tindak balas 60 min, dan muatan biojisim 100 g, yang menghasilkan hasil maksimum bio-arang batu (85.33%). Produk bio arang batu dicirikan menggunakan penganalisis termogravimetri dan spektrometri inframerah transformasi Fourier untuk menentukan penurunan berat, profil kesan terma, dan kumpulan fungsional kumpulan fenol, alkohol, ester, eter, dan aromatik dalam bio-arang batu.

 

Kata kunci:  bio-arang batu, daun kering, pengoptimuman, kaedah gerak balas permukaan, torefaksi

 

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