Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 24 No 4 (2020): 587 - 598

 

 

 

 

IMPACTS OF CITRIC ACID ON THE PHYTOEXTRACTION OF ZINC (Zn) USING SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) PLANTS

 

(Kesan Asid Sitrik Terhadap Pengekstrakan Fito Zink (Zn) Mengunakan Tumbuhan Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench))

 

Hamza Badamasi¹*, Muhammad Saminu Dagari ², Isyaku Sale³

 

¹Department of Chemistry,

Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

²Department of Chemistry,

Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria

³Department of Polymer Technology,

Husaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria

 

*Corresponding author:  hamza.badamasi@fud.edu.ng

 

 

Received: 20 November 2019; Accepted: 21 June 2020; Published:  11 August 2020

 

 

Abstract

Greenhouse hydroponic experiments were carried out to examine the impacts of citric acid on Zn uptake and phytoextraction potentials of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Two-week-old seedlings transplanted in hydroponic solutions were treated with different doses of Zn in the concentration range of 5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L alone or in combination with 10 mM citric acid. After 21 days of culture, the plants were harvested, separated into roots and shoots, and then dried. Fresh and dry weights were measured using Sartorius balance, Zn uptakes in the roots and shoots were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Translocation factor (TF) was determined by dividing Zn concentrations in roots by Zn concentration in the shoots, bioconcentration factor (BCF) was determined as a ratio of Zn concentration in the roots to Zn concentration in the hydroponic solution. Proline, pigments, protein, and ascorbate content were measured spectrophotometrically using acid ninhydrin, acetone, Lowry assay, and dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods respectively. The results indicate that Zn uptake, fresh and dry weights, TF, BCF, proline, and ascorbate contents were concentration dependent with a more significant increase (p < 0.05) after the application of citric acid. Pigments and protein contents were, however severely decreased with increasing Zn concentrations and appreciated gradually with the addition of citric acid. Thus, citric acid efficiently increased phytoextractability of Zn and reduced Zn-induced toxicity; Sorghum bicolor LM was non-hyperaccumulator of Zn but may be used for phytoremediation of Zn contaminated environments with assistance of citric acid.

 

Keywords:  citric acid, hydroponic, phytoextraction, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, Zn

 

Abstrak

Kajian hidroponik rumah hijau telah dijalankan untuk menkaji kesan asid sitrik terhadap pengambilan Zn dan potensi pengekstrakan fito bagi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Pembenihan selama 2 minggu di dalam larutan hidroponik telah dirawat mengunakan dos Zn yang berbeza di dalam julat kepekatan 5, 25, 50, 100, dan 200 mg/L tunggal atau gabungan bersama 10 mM asid sitrik. Selepas 21 hari dikultur, tumhuban dituai, diasingkan kepada bahagian pucuk dan akar, dan kemudian dikeringkan. Berat asal dan kering telah diukur mengunakan penimbang Sartorius, manakala pengambilan Zn pada bahagian akar dan pucuk telah ditentukan mengunakan spektrometri serapan atom. Faktor translokasi (TF) telah ditentukan dengan membahagi kepekatan Zn di dalam akar dengan kepekatan Zn pada bahagian pucuk, manakala factor biokepekatan (BCF) telah ditentukan dengan nisbah kepekatan Zn di dalam akar kepada kepekatan Zn di dalam larutan hidroponik. Prolin, pigmen, protein, dan kandungan askorbat telah diukur mengunakan spektrofoto masing-masing mengunakan kaedah asid ninhydrin, aseton, ujian Lowry, dan dinitrofenil hidrazin. Keputusan menunjukan pengambilan Zn, berat asal dan kering, TF, BCF, prolin, dan kandungan askorbat mempunyai kepekatan berbeza dengan peningkatan signifikan (p < 0.05) selepas aplikasi asid sitrik. Kandungan pigmen dan protein walaubagaimana pun merosot dengan peningkatan kepekatan Zn dan meningkat dengan penambahan asid sitrik. Maka, asid sitrik berkesan meningkatkan kebolehupayaan fito bagi Zn dan mengurangkan ransangan ketoksikan Zn; Sorghum bicolor LM tak berfungsi penumpukan hiper bagi Zn tetapi boleh digunakan bagi pemulihan fito bagi persekitaran yang tercemar dengan Zn dengan bantuan asid sitrik.

 

Kata kunci:  asid sitrik, hidroponik, pengesktrakan fito, Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench, Zn

 

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