Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 24 No 3
(2020): 320 - 329
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF OXYGEN-DOPED MESOPOROUS GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE USING NANODISC SILICA FROM RICE HUSK ASH AS HARD
TEMPLATE
(Sintesis dan Pencirian Grafitik Karbon Nitrida Berliang
Meso yang di Dop dengan Oksigen di Atas Nanocakera Silika dari Abu Sekam Padi
Sebagai Templat Keras)
Shittu
Fatimah Bukola1, Mohammad Anwar Mohamed Iqbal1*, Farook
Adam1, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim1, Nur
Ruzaina Abdul Rahman2, Srimala Sreekantan2, Noor
Hana Hanif Abu Bakar1, Mohd Hazwan Hussin1,
Hariy Pauzi3
1School of Chemical
Sciences,
Universiti
Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
2School of Materials and Mineral Resources
Engineering
3 Science and Engineering
Research Centre (SERC)
Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan,
Penang, Malaysia
*Corresponding
author: anwariqbal@usm.my
Received: 20 November 2019;
Accepted: 5 April 2020; Published: 9 June
2020
Abstract
Oxygen-doped mesoporous carbon nitride (O-MCN) was
successfully synthesized through a polymerization reaction between urea and
glucose using nanodisc silica (NDS) from rice husk ash as a hard template. The presence of oxygen within the framework of the MCN
was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and
Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) analyses. The scanning electron microscope
(SEM) analysis indicates the existence of irregular spherical pores on the
surface of O-MCN mimicking the surface morphology of the NDS. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the O-MCN (145 m2g-1)
was similar to NDS (152 m2g-1). However, the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution of
the O-MCN (48- 84 Å) was smaller than the NDS
(36-203 Å). The bandgap energy of the O-MCN was calculated to be 2.53 eV. The narrow bandgap energy suggests that the O-MCN has a high potential
to be used as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.
Keywords:
mesoporous carbon nitride, oxygen-doped
mesoporous carbon nitride, rice husk, rice husk ash, photocatalyst
Abstrak
Karbon nitrida berliang meso mengandungi oksigen (O-MCN)
berjaya disintesis melalui tindak balas pempolimeran antara urea dan glukosa
menggunakan nanocakera silika (NDS) dari abu sekam padi sebagai templat keras.
Kehadiran oksigen dalam kekisi MCN disahkan melalui analisis spektroskopi
fotoelektron sinar-X (XPS) dan inframerah transformasi Fourier (FTIR). analisis
mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM) menunjukkan kewujudan liang sfera tidak sekata
pada permukaan O-MCN yang menyerupai morfologi permukaan NDS. Luas permukaan Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) O-MCN (145 m2g-1) sama dengan NDS (152 m2g-1).
Walau bagaimanapun, taburan saiz liang Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) O-MCN
(48- 84 Å)
adalah lebih kecil berbanding NDS (36-203 Å). Tenaga sela jalur O-MCN dikira
sebagai 2.53 eV. Tenaga sela jalur yang sempit mencadangan O-MCN
mempunyai potensi yang tinggi untuk digunakan sebagai fotokatalis dibawah
iradiasi cahaya nampak.
Kata
kunci: karbon nitrida berliang meso, karbon
nitrida berliang meso mengandungi oksigen, sekam padi, abu sekam padi,
fotopemangkin
References
1.
Ajayan, S., Lakhi, K.
S, Dae-Hwan, Al-Bahily, K. Cha, W. Viswanathan, B. and Choy, J. H. (2017).
Mesoporous carbon nitrides: synthesis, functionalization, and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 46: 72-101.
2.
Luo, L., Zhang, A.,
Janik, M. J., Li, K., Song, C. and Guo, X. (2017). Facile fabrication of
ordered mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride for RhB photocatalytic degradation.
Applied Surface Science, 396: 78-84.
3.
Lee, S. C., Lintang, H.
O. and Yuliati, L. (2012). A urea precursor to synthesize carbon nitride with
mesoporosity for enhanced activity in the photocatalytic removal of phenol. Chemistry-An Asian Journal, 7(9):
2139-2144.
4.
Zhao, Z., Dai, Y., Lin,
J. and Wang, G. (2014). Highly-ordered mesoporous carbon nitride with ultrahigh
surface area and pore volume as a superior dehydrogenation catalyst. Chemistry of Materials, 26(10):
3151-3161.
5.
Dong, G., Ai, Z. and
Zhang, L. (2014). Efficient anoxic pollutant removal with oxygen functionalized
graphitic carbon nitride under visible light. RCS Advances, 4: 5553-5560.
6.
Zhang, B., Li, X. J.,
Zhao, Y., Song, H. and Wang, H. (2019). Facile synthesis of oxygen doped
mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with high photocatalytic degradation
efficiency under simulated solar irradiation. Colloids and Surfaces: A, 580: 123736.
7.
Adam, F., Nelson, J.
and Iqbal, A. (2012). The utilization of rice husk silica as a catalyst: Review
and recent progress. Catalysis Today,
190(1): 2-14.
8.
Lu, P. and Hsieh, Y. (2012).
Highly pure amorphous silica nano-disks from rice straw. Powder Technology,
225: 149-155.
9.
Ghorbani, F., Sanati,
A. M. and Maleki, M. (2015). Production of silica nanoparticles from rice husk
as agricultural waste by environmental friendly technique. Environmental Studies of Persian Gulf, 2(1): 56- 65.
10.
Hu, J., Zhang, Z.,
Wang, F., Zheng, S., Cai, J., Qin, J., Liu, W., Liang, L. and Jiang, X (2016).
A controllable synthesis of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon supported MoS2
catalysts for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. RSC Advances, 6(103): 101544-101551.
11.
Deng, Q. F., Liu, L.,
Lin, X. Z., Du, G., Y Liu, Y. and Yuan, Z. Y. (2012). Synthesis and CO2
capture properties of mesoporous carbon nitride materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 203: 63-70.
12.
Sung. S. P., Sang-Wook,
C., Chunfeng, X., Dongyuan, Z., and Chang-Sik, H. (2011). Facile synthesis of
mesoporous carbon nitrides using the incipient wetness method and the
application as hydrogen adsorbent. Journal
of Materials Chemistry, 21: 10801-10807.
13.
Wangsoo, C., In, Y. K.,
Jang, M. L., Sungho, K., Kavitha, R., Kothandam, G., Selvarajan, P., Siva, U.
and Ajayan, V. (2019). Sulfur-doped mesoporous carbon nitride with an ordered
porous structure for sodium-ion batteries. ACS
Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11: 27192-27199.
14.
Chang, S., Clair, B.,
Ruelle,J., Beauchêne, J., Renzo, F. D., Quignard, F., Zhao, G., Yamamoto, H.
and Gril, J. (2009). Mesoporosity as a new parameter for understanding tension
stress generation in trees. Journal of
Experimental Botany, 60(11): 3023-3030.
15.
Mousavi, M.,
Habibi-Yangjeh, A. and Abitorabi, M. (2016). Fabrication of novel magnetically
separable nanocomposites using graphitic carbon nitride, silver phosphate and
silver chloride and their applications in photocatalytic removal of different
pollutants using visible-light irradiation. Journal
of Colloid and Interface Science, 480: 218-231.
16.
Xu, H. Y., Wu, L. C.,
Zhao, H., Jin, L. G. and Qi, S. Y. (2015). Synergic effect between adsorption
and photocatalysis of metal-free g-C3N4 derived from
different precursors. PLoS One,
10(11): 1-20.
17.
Liu, J., Zhang, T.,
Wang, Z., Dawson, G. and Chen, W. (2011). Simple pyrolysis of urea into
graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic
activity. Journal of Material Chemistry,
21(38): 14398-14401.
18.
Guo, Q., Xie, Y., Wang,
X., Zhang, S., Hou, T. and Lv, S. (2004). Synthesis of carbon nitride nanotubes
with the C3N4 stoichiometry via a benzene-thermal process
at low temperatures. Chemical
Communications, 1: 26-27.
19.
Luo, J., Cui, Z. and
Zang, G. (2013). Mesoporous metal-containing carbon nitrides for improved
photocatalytic activities. Journal of
Chemistry, 2013: 1-6.
20.
Muniandy, L., Adam, F.,
Rahman, A., Iqbal, A., Ruzaina, N. and Rahman, A. (2017). Applied surface
science from melamine for the liquid phase hydroxylation of benzene and VOCs. Applied Surface Science, 398: 43-55.
21.
Nghiem, L., Tuan, A.,
Thi, L., Dung, K., Doan, L. and Ha, T. (2017). Preparation and characterization
of nanosilica from rice husk ash by chemical treatment combined with
calcination. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry,
55(4): 455-459.
22.
Kwon, K., Sa, Y. J.,
Cheon, J. Y. and Joo, S. H. (2012). Ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with
graphitic frameworks as metal-free, highly durable, methanol-tolerant oxygen
reduction catalysts in an acidic medium. Langmuir,
28(1): 991-996.
23.
Mitra, A., Howli, P.,
Sen, D., Das, B. and Chattopadhyay, K. K. (2016). Cu2O/g-C3N4
nanocomposites: An insight into the band structure tuning and catalytic
efficiencies. Nanoscale, 8(45):
19099-19109.
24.
Chena, Z., Wua, Y.,
Wanga, Q., Wang, Z., Heb, L. Lei, Y. and Wang, Z. (2017). Oxygen-rich
carbonnitrogen quantum dots as cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic H2
production activity of TiO2 nano fibers. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 27(3):
333-337.
25.
Seredych, M. and
Bandosz, T. J. (2016). Nitrogen enrichment of S-doped nanoporous carbon by g-C3N4:
Insight into photosensitivity enhancement. Carbon,
107: 895-906.
26.
Wei, F., Liu, Y., Zhao,
H., Ren, X., Liu, J., Hasan, T., Chen, L., Li, Y. and Su, B. (2018). Oxygen
selfdoped g-C3N4 with tunable electronic band structure
for unprecedentedly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Nanoscale, 4: 4515-4522.
27.
Wang, K., Wang, X.,
Pan, H., Liu, Y., Xu, S. and Cao, S. (2018). In situ fabrication of CDs/g-C3N4
hybrids with enhanced interface connection via calcination of the
precursors for photocatalytic H2 evolution. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(1): 91-99.
28.
Kautz, A. C., Kunz, P.
C., Janiak, C. and Kautz, A. C. (2016). CO-releasing molecule (CORM) conjugate
systems. Dalton Transactions,45(45):
18045-18063.
29.
Li, J., Shen, B., Hong,
Z. Lin, B. (2012). A facile approach to synthesize novel oxygen-doped g-C3N4
with superior visible-light photoreactivity. Chemical Communications, 98(48): 12017-12019.
30.
Bandosz, T. J. (2016).
Nitrogen-doped activated carbon-based ammonia sensors: Effect of specific
surface functional groups on carbon electronic properties. ACS Sensors, 1(5): 591-599.