Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 24 No 1 (2020): 42 - 52

 

 

 

 

APPLICATION OF BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN WITH RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING OXYGEN COLOUR INDICATOR FOR ACTIVE PACKAGING

 

(Aplikasi Reka Bentuk Box-Behnken dengan Kaedah Gerak Balas Permukaan untuk Mengoptimumkan Penunjuk Oksigen Berwarna bagi Pembungkus Aktif)

 

Aishah Mohd Marsin¹ and Ida Idayu Muhamad^1,2*

 

¹Department of Bioprocess & Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

²Biomaterial Cluster, V01, IJN-UTM Cardiovasular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author:  idaidayu@utm.my

 

 

Received: 10 October 2019; Accepted: 7 January 2020

 

 

Abstract

The present work develops carrageenan-based oxygen colour indicator strip films using redox dye to improve the mechanical properties and efficiency of the strip in indicating the presence of oxygen. The optimized percentages of carrageenan (0.6-1.0%) as base medium, titanium dioxide (3.2-4.8%) as semiconductor photocatalyst, glycerol (3.6-4.8%) as sacrificial electron donor and methylene blue as redox dye were determined by applying Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. It aims to achieve optimum film formulation with good mechanical properties and high colour change values  after UV-activation compared to original colour. The indicator strip film formed whitish-light blue colour after activated with ultraviolet (UV) light and turned to original blue colour after exposure to oxygen. FTIR result shows higher peak on spectra curve in the range of 500 to 750 cm^-1 and 2850 to 3750 cm^-1 proving the disruption of H-bonds between glycerol and carrageenan after the glycerol molecules were oxidized by the photogenerated holes in TiO₂. Depending on the ratio of carrageenan, titanium dioxide and glycerol, the optimum formulation that indicates a protrude colour difference (73.9 ± 2.51) with improved tensile properties (3.39 ± 1.76) has the potential to be used as carrageenan-based oxygen indicator film for active packaging.

 

Keywords:  oxygen colour indicator, redox dye, carrageenan, titanium dioxide, methylene blue

 

Abstrak

Kerja ini menghasilkan filem jalur penunjuk oksigen berwarna berasaskan karagenan menggunakan pewarna redoks untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanikal dan kecekapan filem jalur dalam menunjukkan perubahan warna dengan kehadiran oksigen. Peratusan optimum karagenan (0.6-1.0%) sebagai medium asas, titanium dioksida (3.2-4.8%) sebagai fotomangkin semikonduktor, gliserol (3.6-4.8%) sebagai penderma elektron karbon dan metilena biru sebagai pewarna redoks ditentukan dengan menggunakan reka bentuk Box-Behnken dan kaedah gerak belas permukaan. Ia bertujuan untuk mencapai perumusan filem optimum dengan ciri-ciri mekanikal yang baik dan nilai perubahan warna yang tinggi selepas UV diaktifkan berbanding warna asal. Penunjuk jalur filem bertukar ke warna putih kebiruan selepas diaktifkan dengan cahaya ultraungu (UV) dan bertukar kepada warna biru pekat asal selepas pendedahan kepada oksigen. Keputusan FTIR menunjukkan lengkung spektrum yang lebih tinggi dalam julat panjang gelombang 500 hingga 750 cm^-1 dan 2850 hingga 3750 cm^-1 yang membuktikan gangguan ikatan-H antara gliserol dan karagenan selepas gliserol terdioksida melalui lubang yang dihasilkan selepas pengaktifan UV di dalam TiO₂. Bergantung kepada nisbah karagenan, titanium dioksida dan gliserol, rumusan optimum yang menunjukkan perbezaan warna yang menonjol (73.9 ± 2.51) dengan sifat tegangan yang lebih baik (3.39 ± 1.76) berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai penunjuk oksigen berwarna berasaskan karrageenan bagi pembungkus aktif.

 

Kata kunci:  penunjuk warna oksigen, pewarna redoks, karagenan, titanium dioksida, metilena biru

 

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