Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 6 (2019): 950 - 962
DOI:
10.17576/mjas-2019-2306-04
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT
POTENTIALS OF SEVEN PHILIPPINE MOSSES
(Juzuk Kimia dan Potensi
Antioksidan bagi Tujuh Lumut Filipina)
Mary Stephanie S. Carranza1,
Virgilio C. Linis2, Consolacion Y. Ragasa1,3,
Maria Carmen S. Tan1*
1Chemistry Department,
De
La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines
2Biology Department,
De La Salle Araneta
University, 303 Victoneta Avenue, Potrero Malabon City 1475, Philippines
3Chemistry Department,
De La Salle University Science &
Technology, Complex Leandro V. Locsin Campus, Bińan City, Laguna 4024,
Philippines
*Corresponding author: maria.carmen.tan@dlsu.edu.ph
Received: 23 May 2019;
Accepted: 1 October 2019
Abstract
Seven species of Philippine mosses, namely Calyptothecium ramosii Broth., Gymnostomum
recurvirostum Hedw., Hypnum plumiforme Wilson, Leucobryum scalare
Müll.Hal. ex M.Fleisch., Meteoriopsis reclinata (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch., Mitthyridium
undulatum (Dozy & Molk.) H.Rob. and Pelekium boniamum (Besch) were examined in this study. The mosses
were analyzed using a gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer
(GC-EI-MS) and an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX) to
substantiate their possible usage as dietary supplements. EDX results displayed
that calcium was the major mineral found in all the moss samples (1.199% to
11.427%). The free radical scavenging activity of the dried dichloromethane
moss extracts was highest for G. recurvirostum indicative of the lowest IC50 concentration at 0.236
mg/mL followed by C.
ramosii at 0.306 mg/mL and P. boniamum at 0.315 mg/mL. M.
undulatum (IC50 = 1.360 mg/mL) and M. reclinata (IC50 = 1.544
mg/mL) had moderate antioxidant activity, whereas, L. scalare (IC50 = 2.120 mg/mL) and H. plumiforme (IC50 = 2.213 mg/mL) had minimal free
radical scavenging potential. The possible antioxidant capabilities of each
respective bryophyte were correlated to the presence of the following major
constituents from GC-EI-MS investigation: in P.
boniamum, α-cadinol, (9.11%), caryophyllene
(6.39%) and (-)-spathulenol (5.52%); in G.
recurvirostum, pentanoic acid, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl, isobutyl
ester (56.26%), caryophyllenyl alcohol (5.96%) and α-cadinene (5.88%);
in C. ramosii, phytol (17.86%), and
phytol acetate (14.03%). 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)
deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (9.59%), and 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide
(6.11%). Apart from H. plumiforme,
all the samples contained considerable concentrations of n-hexadecanoic acid
(range from 3.76% to 29.03%).
Keywords: bryophyte, free radical scavenging activity, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry,
energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
Abstract
Tujuh
spesis lumut Filipina iaitu Calyptothecium
ramosii Broth., Gymnostomum
recurvirostum Hedw., Hypnum
plumiforme Wilson, Leucobryum scalare
Müll.Hal. ex M.Fleisch., Meteoriopsis
reclinata (Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch.,
Mitthyridium undulatum (Dozy & Molk.) H.Rob. dan Pelekium boniamum (Besch) telah diuji dalam kajian ini. Lumut telah
dianalisa menggunakan kromatografi gas dilengkapi spectrometer jisim (GC-EI-MS)
dan spektrometer pendaflour tenaga serakan sinar-X (EDX) untuk melihat potensi
digunakan sebagai makanan tambahan. Keputusan EDX menunjukkan kalsium merupakan
mineral utama yang dijumpai dalam semua sampel lumut (1.199% to 11.427%).
Aktiviti pemerangkapan radikal bebas melalui ekstrak lumut menggunakan
diklorometana telah memberikan G.
recurvirostum hasil paling tinggi pada kepekatan IC50 iaitu 0.236 mg/mL diikuti C. ramosii pada 0.306 mg/mL and P. boniamum pada 0.315 mg/mL. M. undulatum (IC50 = 1.360
mg/mL) dan M. reclinata (IC50
= 1.544 mg/mL) menghasilkan aktiviti antioksidan yang sederhana, manakala L. scalare (IC50 = 2.120
mg/mL) dan H. plumiforme (IC50
= 2.213 mg/mL) mempunyai potensi pemerangkapan radikal bebas yang minumum.
Keupayaan antioksidan setiap briofit adalah dikaitkan dengan kehadiran juzuk
utama iaitu hasil analisa GC-EI-MS seperti di dalam P. boniamum, mengandungi α-kadinol, (9.11%), kariofilena
(6.39%) dan (-)-spathulenol (5.52%); di dalam G. recurvirostum seperti asid pentanoik,
2,2,4-trimetil-3-karboisopropil, isobutil ester (56.26%), kariofilenil alkohol
(5.96%) dan α-kadinena (5.88%), di dalam C. ramosii, fitol (17.86%), fitol asetat (14.03%).
7,9-di-tert-butil-1-oksaspiro (4,5) deka-6,9-diena-2,8-dion (9.59%), dan
4,8,12,16-tetrametillheptadekan-4-olida (6.11%). Selain dari H.
plumiforme, semua sampel mengandungi kepekatan asid
n-heksadekanoik (julat dari 3.76% hingga 29.03%).
Keywords: briofit, aktiviti pemerangkapan radikal bebas,
kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim, spektroskopi
pendaflour tenaga serakan sinar-X
References
1. Goffinet, B. and
Buck, W. R. (2004). Molecular systematics of bryophytes. Missouri Botanical
Garden Press, Illinois: pp. 205-239.
2. Dey, A. and
Mukherjee, A. (2015). Therapeutic potential of bryophytes and derived compounds
against cancer. Journal of Acute Disease,
4(3): 236-248.
3. Singh, M.,
Govindarajan, R., Nath, V., Rawat, A. K. S. and Mehrotra, S. (2006).
Antimicrobial, wound healing and antioxidant activity of Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. et Lind. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
107: 67-72.
4. Saboljevic, A.,
Sokovic, M., Glamočlija, J., Čirič, A., Vujičic, M., Pejin,
B. and Saboljevic, M. (2010). Comparison of extract bio-activities of in-situ
and in vitro grown selected bryophyte
species. African Journal of Microbiology,
4: 808-812.
5. Klavina, L.,
Springe, G., Nikolajeva, V., Martsinkevich, I., Nakurte, I., Dzabijeva, D. and
Steinberga, I. (2015). Chemical composition analysis, antimicrobial activity
and cytotoxicity screening of moss extracts (moss phytochemistry). Molecules, 20: 17221-17243.
6. Sun, S.-Q., He,
M., Cao, T., Zhang, Y. C. and Han, W. (2008). Response mechanisms of
antioxidants in bryophyte (Hypnum
plumiforme) under the stress of single or combined Pb and/or Ni. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
149: 291-302.
7. Nozaki, H., Hayashi,
K., Nishimura, N., Kawaide, H., Matsuo, A. and Takaoka, D. (2007). Momilactone
A and B as allelochemicals from moss Hypnum
plumiforme: First occurrence in bryophytes. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 71(12): 3127-3130.
8. Sun, S.-Q., He,
M., Cao, T., Yusuyin, Y., Han, W. and Li, J. L. (2010).
Antioxidative
responses related to H2O2 depletion in Hypnum plumiforme under the combined
stress induced by Pb and Ni. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 163(1-4): 303-312.
9. Blois, M. S.
(1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 29: 1199-1200.
10. Scur, M. C.,
Pinto, F. G. S., Pandini, J. A., Costa, W. F., Leite, C. W. and Temponi, L. G.
(2016). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different
plant extracts of Psidium cattleyanum
Sabine. Brazilian Journal of Biology,
76(1): 101-108.
11. Bittencourt, M. L.
F., Ribeiro, P. R., Franco, R. L. P., Hilhorst, H. W. M., de Castro, R. D. and
Fernandez, L.G. (2015). Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities
of Brazilian propolis: Use of correlation and multivariate analyses to identify
potential bioactive compounds. Food
Research International, 76(2015): 449-457.
12. Chávez-Gonzáles,
M. L., Rodríguez-Herrera, R. and Aguilar, C. N. (2016). Essential oils: A
natural alternative to combat antibiotics resistance antibiotic resistance in
mechanisms and new antimicrobial approaches in antibiotic resistance. Academic Press,
Massachusetts: pp. 227–237.
13. Moon, J. Y., Jung,
H. J., Moon, M. H., Chung, B. C. and Choi, M. H. (2009). Heat-map visualization
of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based quantitative signatures on
steroid metabolism. Journal of American
Society Mass Spectrometry, 20(9):1626-1637.
14. Reid, I. R.,
Horne, A., Mason, B., Ames, R., Bava, U. and Gamble, G. D. (2005). Effects of
calcium supplementation on body weight and blood pressure in normal older
women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal
of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 90: 3824-3829.
15. Reid, I. R.,
Mason, B., Horne, A., Ames, R., Clearwater, J., Bava, U., Orr-Walker, B., Wu,
F., Evans, M. C. and Gamble, G. D. (2002). Effects of calcium supplementation
on serum lipid concentration on serum lipid concentrations in normal older
women: a randomized controlled trial. American
Journal of Medicine, 112: 343-347.
16. Khan, N., Afaq, F.
and Mukhtar, H. (2008). Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants:
Progress and promise. Antioxidant Redox
Signal, 10: 475-510.
17. Pourmorad, F.,
Hosseinimehr, S. J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol
and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11):
1142-1145.