Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 6 (2019): 938 - 949

Preparation and CharacteriSation of Hydroxyapatite Extracted From Fish Scale Waste For The Removal Of Gallic Acid As Inhibitor In Biofuel Production

(Penyediaan dan Perincian Hidroksiapatit yang Diekstrak daripada Sisa Sisik Ikan untuk Penyingkiran Asid Galik sebagai Perencat dalam Pemprosesan Bahan Api Bio)

Nurul Fakhriah Ismail¹, Sofiah Hamzah¹*, Nurul Ashraf Razali¹, Wan Mohd Hafizuddin Wan Yussof², Nora�aini Ali¹, Abdul Wahab Mohammad³

¹Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics,

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

²Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

³Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: �sofiah@umt.edu.my

Received: 13 December 2018; Accepted: 20 October 2019

Abstract

Acid pre-treatment of lignocellulosic waste to produce fermentable sugar for the production of bioethanol and biofuel has created phenolic compounds, aliphatic acid, and furfural. These compounds are recognised as inhibitors in the fermentation process, which could reduce the final product yield. This is a preliminary study that is focused on the potential of hydroxyapatite (HAp) extracted from fish scale for the removal of phenolic compounds (gallic acid was used as a model solution). HAp was extracted via a modified enzymatic hydrolysis at various temperatures (500 ^oC, 600 �C, 700 �C, 800 �C, 900 �C, 1,000 �C) and calcined for 4 hours. The extracted HAp was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Batch adsorption was conducted to select the best adsorbent and to study the effects of initial concentration, time, dosage, and temperature. The results showed gallic acid removal of 78.9% in 100 mg/L of initial gallic acid concentration, which were adhered by HAp800. This adsorption process fit the Freundlich isotherm (r² = 0.9951) better than to Langmuir isotherm. The kinetics of adsorption most fitted the pseudo-second order (0.996).

Keywords: �batch adsorption, Langmuir, Freundlich, first-order, Pseudo-second order

Abstrak

Pra-rawatan asid terhadap sisa lignoselulosa untuk menghasilkan gula boleh tapai dalam penghasilan bioetanol dan bahan api bio telah menghasilkan sebatian fenolik, asid alifatik, dan furfural. Sebatian ini dikenal pasti sebagai perencat dalam proses penapaian yang akan mengurangkan hasil akhir produk. Kajian awal ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi hidroksiapatit (HAp) yang diekstrak daripada sisik ikan untuk menyingkirkan sebatian fenolik (asid galik digunakan sebagai model larutan). HAp diekstrak melalui proses hidrolisis enzimatik yang diubahsuai pada suhu yang berbeza (500 �C, 600 �C, 700 �C, 800 �C, 900 �C, 1000 �C) dan dikalsin selama 4 jam. HAp yang diekstrak telah dianalisis menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier (FTIR), pembiasan sinar-X (XRD), dan mikroskop elektron pengimbas (SEM). Penjerapan kelompok dilakukan untuk memilih penjerap terbaik dan untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan awal sampel, masa penjerapan, dos penjerap, dan suhu penjerapan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan sebanyak 78.9% asid galik berjaya disingkirkan dalam 100 mg/L kepekatan awal asid galik yang dijerap oleh HAp800. Proses penjerapan ini isoterma dan kinetik HAp800 dan HAp/Chi berpadanan lebih baik dengan isoterma Freundlich (r² = 0.9951) berbanding dengan isoterma Langmuir. Kinetik penjerapan lebih berpadanan dengan pseudo tertib kedua (0.996).

Kata kunci: �penjerapan kelompok, Langmuir, Freundlich, kinetik tertib pertama, kinetik pseudo tertib kedua

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