Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 24 No 5 (2020): 772 - 782

 

 

 

 

A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NEW ANTIDOTES IN THE TREATMENT OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONINGS

 

(Ulasan Ringkas pada Reka Bentuk dan Sintesis Antidot Baru untuk Merawat Keracunan Organofosforus)

 

Mas Amira Idayu Abdul Razak1,2, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim2, Ong Keat Khim2,3, Siti Aminah Mohd Noor3, Norhana Abd Halim3, Noor Aisyah Ahmad Shah3, Victor Feizal Knight2, Wan Md. Zin Wan Yunus2,3,

Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim2,3*

 

1Faculty of Defence Science and Technology

2Centre for Chemical Defence

3Centre for Defence Foundation Studies

Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author:  azilah@upnm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 12 October 2020

 

 

Abstract

Organophosphorus (OP) are highly toxic compounds commonly used as pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. Exposure to OP compounds can lead to death due to respiratory failure. OP compounds function to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which controls the transmission of nervous impulses and accumulation of acetylcholine (Ach) at cholinergic receptor sites. The inhibition of AChE by OP compounds can cause motor convulsions and epileptic seizures. There are several drugs used to treat OP poisonings, such as atropine, diazepam, and oximes. However, none of them are considered to be effective in treating OP poisonings. Recently, several new researches have been done to introduce strategies on designing oximes to treat OP poisonings. Therefore, this brief review summarizes several recent findings on the design and synthesis of new oximes that can reactivate the inhibited AChE.

 

Keywords:  organophosphorus, nerve agents, acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, oximes

 

Abstrak

Peranti agen saraf organofosforus (OP) sering digunakan sebagai agen racun perosak dan agen saraf dalam peperangan kimia. Pendedahan kepada OP boleh menyebabkan kematian akibat kegagalan sistem pernafasan. OP menghalang enzim asetilkolinesterase (AchE) yang berfungsi untuk mengawal penghantaran impuls saraf dan pengumpulan asetilkolin (Ach) di tapak reseptor kolinergik yang boleh menyebabkan sawan motor dan sawan epilepsi. Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk merawat keracunan organofosforus seperti atropin, diazepam, dan oksim. Walaubagaimanapun, tidak ada satu pun yang berkesan untuk merawat keracunan OP. Baru-baru ini, beberapa penyelidikan telah dijalankan untuk memperkenalkan strategi baru dalam rek bentuk penawar atau antidot yang boleh merawat agen saraf OP. Oleh itu, tinjauan semula ini meringkaskan beberapa strategi baru dalam reka bentuk dan sintesis penawar atau antidot baru yang dapat mengaktifkan semula AchE yang terhalang.

 

Kata kunci:  sebatian organofosforus, agen saraf, asetilkolinesterase, asetilkolin, antidot

 

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