Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 22 No 3 (2018): 404 - 415
DOI:
10.17576/mjas-2018-2203-05
ROOM
TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF CERIA BY THE ASSISTED OF CATIONIC SURFACTANT AND AGING
TIME
(Sintesis Ceria Pada Suhu Bilik Dengan Bantuan Surfaktan
Kation Dan Masa Penuaan)
Nor Aqilah Mohd
Fadzil1*, Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim1, Gaanty Pragas Maniam2
1Faculty of Industrial Science & Technology
2Central Laboratory
Universiti
Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak,26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding
author: Aqilah_mawaddah@yahoo.com
Received: 14
January 2018; Accepted: 8 May 2018
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of rare earth cerium(IV) oxide (ceria)
via simple precipitation method under room temperature. The two aims of this
research are to: (i) synthesise a ceria-based material using simple process and
chemicals and (ii) modify the ceria-based material with environmentally
friendly elements. In this study, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and sodium
hydroxide were utilised as the precursor and precipitant, respectively, to
attain desired crystallite size and shape, at a fixed reaction pH of 12.
Besides that, common cationic surfactant, cetyl-tri-methyl-ammonium bromide
(CTAB), was used to enhance ceria-based material’s coveted properties.
Furthermore, addition of surfactant and aging time (30 minutes, and 5, 10, 20,
and 30 days) were also examined. Findings showed that as aging time increased,
crystallite size decreased and production of large agglomerations were not
observed. Then, optimum aging time was applied for synthesis of ceria material
and modified ceria material, Fe-CeO2/TiO2, via impregnation method. These materials
were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO2-Temperature-Programmed
Desorption (CO2-TPD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy (FESEM) to investigate the mutual effect of surfactant addition and
aging time.
Keywords: cationic, ceria, crystallite, precipitating,
surfactant
Abstrak
Kajian ini
menggambarkan sintesis salah satu unsur nadir bumi iaitu cerium(IV) oksida
(ceria), melalui kaedah pemendakan pada suhu bilik. Matlamat kajian ini ialah:
(i) sintesis bahan berasaskan ceria menggunakan proses dan bahan kimia yang
mudah dan (ii) mengubahsuai bahan berasaskan ceria dengan penambahan
unsur-unsur mesra alam. Dalam kajian ini, cerium nitrat heksahidrat dan natrium
hidroksida telah digunakan sebagai bahan pemula dan agen pemendakan, supaya
saiz dan bentuk yang dikehendaki dapat diperolehi pada pH yang telah ditetapkan
iaitu pH 12. Selain itu, bahan tipikal surfaktan kation,
cetil-tri-metil-ammonium bromida (CTAB), telah digunakan untuk memudahkan
penghasilan bahan berasakan ceria dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki. Di
samping itu, penambahan surfaktan dan kadar masa penuaan (30 minit, dan 5, 10,
20, dan 30 hari) turut dikaji. Hasil penemuan menunjukkan bahawa, apabila kadar
masa penuaan ditingkatkan, saiz kristal berkurangan dan penghasilan gumpalan
besar tidak ditemui. Justeru, kadar masa penuaan optima dipilih untuk sintesis
bahan ceria dan bahan ceria yang diubah suai, Fe-CeO2/TiO2,
melalui kaedah impregnasi. Seterusnya, bahan-bahan ini dianalisis melalui
sistem pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), program penjerap bersuhu-CO2 (CO2-TPD),
dan mikroskop elektron pengimbas pancaran medan (FESEM) untuk mengkaji kesan
penambahan surfaktan dan kadar masa penuaan.
Kata kunci: kation, ceria, kristal, pemendakan, surfaktan
References
1.
Sayyed, S. A.,
Beedri, N. I., Kadam, V. S. and Pathan, H. M. (2016). Rose bengal-sensitized
nanocrystalline ceria photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell application. Bulletin
of Materials Science, 39(6):
1381-1387.
2.
Namjesnik, D.,
Mutka, S., Iveković, D., Gajović, A., Willinger, M. and Preočanin, T. (2016).
Application of the surface potential data to elucidate interfacial equilibrium
at ceria/aqueous electrolyte interface. Adsorption, 22(4-6): 825-837.
3.
Eltayeb, A.,
Vijayaraghavan, R. K., McCoy, A., Venkatanarayanan, A., Yaremchenko, A. A.,
Surendran, R. and Daniels, S. (2015). Control and enhancement of the oxygen
storage capacity of ceria films by variation of the deposition gas atmosphere
during pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Journal
of Power Sources, 279: 94-99.
4.
Li, H., Hu, T.,
Liu, J., Song, S., Du, N., Zhang, R. and Hou, W. (2016). Thickness-dependent
photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxybromide nanosheets with highly exposed
(010) facets. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 182: 431-438.
5.
Gao, G.-M., Zou,
H.-F., Liu, D.-R., Miao, L.-N., Ji, G.-J. and Gan, S.-C. (2009). Influence of
surfactant surface coverage and aging time on physical properties of silica
nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
Aspects, 350(1): 33-37.
6.
Das, D., Llorca,
J., Dominguez, M., Colussi, S., Trovarelli, A. and Gayen, A. (2015). Methanol steam
reforming behavior of copper impregnated over CeO2–ZrO2 derived
from a surfactant assisted coprecipitation route. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 40(33):
10463-10479.
7.
Vantomme, A., Yuan,
Z.-Y., Du, G. and Su, B.-L. (2005). Surfactant-assisted large-scale preparation
of crystalline CeO2 nanorods. Langmuir, 21(3): 1132-1135.
8.
Pan, C., Zhang, D.
and Shi, L. (2008). CTAB assisted hydrothermal synthesis, controlled conversion
and CO oxidation properties of CeO2 nanoplates, nanotubes, and
nanorods. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 181(6): 1298-1306.
9.
Ebadi, M., Amiri,
O. and Sabet, M. (2018). Synthesis of CeO2/Au/Ho nanostructures as
novel and highly efficient visible light driven photocatalyst. Separation
and Purification Technology, 190:
117-122.
10.
Liu, Q., Ding, Y.,
Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Sun, L., Chen, P. and Gao, C. (2016). Enhanced peroxidase-like
activity of porphyrin functionalized ceria nanorods for sensitive and selective
colorimetric detection of glucose. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 59: 445-453.
11.
Younis, A., Chu,
D., Kaneti, Y. V. and Li, S. (2016). Tuning the surface oxygen concentration of
{111} surrounded ceria nanocrystals for enhanced photocatalytic activities. Nanoscale,
8(1): 378-387.
12.
Zhang, D., Fu, H.,
Shi, L., Pan, C., Li, Q., Chu, Y. and Yu, W. (2007). Synthesis of CeO2
nanorods via ultrasonication assisted by polyethylene glycol. Inorganic Chemistry,
46(7): 2446-2451.
13.
Terribile, D.,
Trovarelli, A., Llorca, J., de Leitenburg, C. and Dolcetti, G. (1998). The synthesis
and characterization of mesoporous high-surface area ceria prepared using a
hybrid organic/inorganic route. Journal of Catalysis, 178(1): 299-308.
14.
Ramasamy, V. and
Vijayalakshmi, G. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of ceria quantum dots
using effective surfactants. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 42: 334-343.
15.
Yang, R. and Guo,
L. (2005). Synthesis of cubic fluorite CeO2 nanowires. Journal of
Materials Science, 40(5):
1305-1307.
16.
Choi, M., Na, K.,
Kim, J., Sakamoto, Y., Terasaki, O. and Ryoo, R. (2009). Stable single-unit-cell
nanosheets of zeolite MFI as active and long-lived catalysts. Nature, 461 (7261): 246-249.
17.
Lin, K.-S. and
Chowdhury, S. (2010). Synthesis, characterization, and application of 1-D cerium
oxide nanomaterials: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(9): 3226-3251.
18.
Torrente-Murciano,
L., Chapman, R. S., Narvaez-Dinamarca, A., Mattia, D. and Jones, M. D. (2016).
Effect of nanostructured ceria as support for the iron catalysed hydrogenation
of CO2 into hydrocarbons. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18(23): 15496-15500.
19.
Laosiripojana, N.,
Assabumrungrat, S. and Charojrochkul, S. (2007). Steam reforming of ethanol
with Co-Fed oxygen and hydrogen over Ni on high surface area ceria support. Applied
Catalysis A: General, 327(2):
180-188.
20.
Yao, S., Xu, W.,
Johnston-Peck, A., Zhao, F., Liu, Z., Luo, S. and Rodriguez, J. (2014).
Morphological effects of the nanostructured ceria support on the activity and
stability of CuO/CeO2 catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction. Physical
Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(32):
17183-17195.
21.
Yoshida, T.,
Murachi, M., Tsuji, S. and Taguchi, N. (1999). High heat-resistant catalyst
with a porous ceria support. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC.
22.
Li, H., Wang, G.,
Zhang, F., Cai, Y., Wang, Y. and Djerdj, I. (2012). Surfactant-assisted
synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles and their application in wastewater
treatment. RSC Advances, 2(32):
12413-12423.
23.
Wang, J., Liu, Q.
and Liu, Q. (2008). Ceria‐and Cu‐doped ceria
nanocrystals synthesized by the hydrothermal methods. Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, 91(8):
2706-2708.
24.
Deori, K., Gupta,
D., Saha, B., Awasthi, S. K. and Deka, S. (2013). Introducing nanocrystalline
CeO2 as heterogeneous environmental friendly catalyst for the
aerobic oxidation of para-xylene to terephthalic acid in water. Journal of
Materials Chemistry A, 1(24):
7091-7099.
25.
Karakoti, A. S.,
Munusamy, P., Hostetler, K., Kodali, V., Kuchibhatla, S., Orr, G. and Baer, D.
R. (2012). Preparation and characterization challenges to understanding
environmental and biological impacts of ceria nanoparticles. Surface and
Interface Analysis, 44(8):
882-889.
26.
Indran, V. P.,
Zuhaimi, N. A. S., Deraman, M. A., Maniam, G. P., Yusoff, M. M., Hin, T.-Y. Y.
and Rahim, M. H. A. (2014). An accelerated route of glycerol carbonate
formation from glycerol using waste boiler ash as catalyst. RSC Advances, 4(48): 25257-25267.
27.
Huang, X.-S., Sun,
H., Wang, L.-C., Liu, Y.-M., Fan, K.-N. and Cao, Y. (2009). Morphology effects
of nanoscale ceria on the activity of Au/CeO2 catalysts for
low-temperature CO oxidation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 90(1): 224-232.
28.
Aziz, R. C. A., Ab
Rahman, I. and Mohamad, D. (2012). Synthesis of silica hybrid nanoparticles and
the effect of their addition on the hardness of the dental nanocomposites. International
Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2(3): 211-214.
29.
Yunus, M.,
Suharyadi, E. and Triyana, K. (2016). Effect of stirring rate on the synthesis
silver nanowires using polyvinyl alcohol as a capping agent by polyol process. International
Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 6(3): 365-369.
30.
Zain, N. M.,
Rashdi, N. M., Ubaidillah, N. K. A. N. and Azmi, M. S. (2016). The effect of
carbon nanotube loading on wettability of solder paste SAC 237 and different
substrates. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and
Information Technology, 6(4):
540-543.