Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 22 No 1 (2018): 107 - 114

DOI: 10.17576/mjas-2018-2201-13

 

 

 

CLAMSHELL AND SEA SAND AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS FOR WASTE COOKING OIL BASED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION

 

(Kulit Kerang dan Pasir Pantai Sebagai Mangkin Heterogen untuk Penghasilan Biodiesel Berasaskan Minyak Masak Sawit Terpakai Melalui Tindakbalas Transesterifikasi)

 

Arsyad Ismail Sanuzi, Syuhada Mohd Tahir*, Siti Norhafiza Mohd Khazaai

 

Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia

 

^*Corresponding author:  syuhadamohdtahir@pahang.uitm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 4 December 2016; Accepted: 1 December 2017

 

 

Abstract

This study was carried out to study the effectiveness of clamshell and sea sand as heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel via transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). WCO was first pre-treated to discard water and impurities. Clamshell and sea sand were crushed into fine powder, sieved to 500 µm particles and calcined. Next, the pre-treated WCO was used to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) via transesterification reaction. FTIR and XRD results of calcined clamshell confirmed the formation of CaO and Ca(OH)₂ while sea sand contains SiO₂ before and after calcination. 2:1 clamshell-to-sea sand ratio produced highest FAME yield. This ratio was used to study the effect of catalyst loading amount. 7 wt% catalyst produced highest FAME yield. Increasing catalyst to 10 wt% reduced the FAME yield due to the soap formation. Analysis of FAME using GC-MS showed the presence of myristic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. This study shows that combination of clamshell and sea sand is good potential catalyst for transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel.

 

Keywords:  biodiesel, heterogeneous catalyst, transesterification, waste cooking oil

 

Abstrak

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji keberkesanan kulit kerang dan pasir pantai sebagai mangkin heterogen untuk menghasilkan biodiesel melalui transesterifikasi minyak masak sawit terpakai (WCO). WCO dirawat terlebih dahulu untuk membuang air dan kekotoran. Kulit kerang dan pasir pantai dihancurkan menjadi serbuk halus, ditapis kepada 500 µm dan dikalsinasi. Tindakbalas transesterifikasi WCO dijalankan untuk menghasilkan metil ester (FAME). Data daripada FTIR dan XRD untuk kulit kerang terkalsinasi mengesahkan pembentukan CaO dan Ca(OH)₂ manakala pasir pantai pula mengandungi SiO₂ sebelum dan selepas kalsinasi. Nisbah 2:1 kulit kerang terhadap pasir pantai menghasilkan FAME yang paling tinggi dan nisbah ini digunakan dalam kajian seterusnya untuk melihat kesan jumlah pemangkin terhadap jumlah FAME yang dihasilkan. Mangkin sebanyak 7 wt% menghasilkan jumlah FAME yang paling tinggi. Penggunaan mangkin sebanyak 10 wt% mengurangkan jumlah FAME yang diperoleh disebabkan pembentukan sabun. Analisis FAME menggunakan GC-MS menunjukkan kehadiran asid miristik, asid palmitik dan asid oleik. Kajian ini menunjukkan campuran kulit kerang dan pasir pantai adalah mangkin yang berpotensi baik untuk tindakbalas transesterifikasi untuk menghasilkan biodiesel.

 

Kata kunci:  biodiesel, mangkin heterogen, transesterifikasi, minyak masak sawit terpakai

 

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