Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 21 No 4 (2017): 810 - 819

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2104-07

 

 

 

ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED SURFACTANT ENHANCED EMULSIFICATION MICROEXTRACTION METHOD COUPLED WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELECTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AQUEOUS SAMPLES

 

(Kaedah Pengekstrakan Mikro Ultrabunyi dengan Bantuan Surfaktan Meningkatkan Pengemulsian Bergabung dengan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Jisim Bagi Penentuan Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon Terpilih di dalam Sampel Akueus)

 

Siti Farahiyah Ahmad Shater ¹, Noorfatimah Yahaya¹*,  Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain¹, Sharlina Mohamad¹,

Farah Wahidah Mohd Hassan¹, Sazlinda Kamaruzaman², Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi³,

Mazidatulakmam Miskam⁴

 

¹Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI),

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

⁴School of Chemical Sciences,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: noorfatimah@usm.my

 

 

Received: 29 March 2017; Accepted: 20 June 2017

 

 

Abstract

A simple and rapid microextraction method termed as ultrasound-assisted surfactant enhanced emulsification microextraction (UASEME) was developed for the determination of fluoranthene (FLU) and phenanthrene (PHE) in aqueous samples followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six important parameters, that affect the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated and the results were as follows; extraction solvent (toluene), volume of extraction solvent (30 µL), surfactant (Tween 20), volume of surfactant (15 µL), extraction time (2 minutes) and with no salt addition. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity over the concentration range from 1 – 1000 µg L^{- 1} with correlation coefficients (R² ≥ 0.9932), acceptable limits of detection (0.3 µg L^{- 1}) and limits of quantification (1.0 µg L^{- 1}) for both analytes. Good relative recovery values, in the range of 91.75 – 104.1%, were obtained for tap water samples. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.62 – 10.32% (n = 3). The proposed method was applied for the determination of FLU and PHE in tap water and sugarcane juices.

 

Keywords:    ultrasound-assisted, surfactant, emulsification, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

 

 

Abstrak

Satu kaedah pengekstrakan mikro yang mudah dan cepat disebut kaedah ultrabunyi-dibantu surfaktan diperkuat pengemulsian dibangunkan bagi penentuan fluorantin (FLU) dan fenantrin (PHE) di dalam sampel akueus diikuti oleh kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim (GC-MS). Enam parameter penting, mempengaruhi kecekapan pengekstrakan hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik (PAH) telah dinilai dan keputusan adalah seperti berikut; pengekstrakan pelarut (toluena) jumlah pelarut pengekstrakan (30 µL), surfaktan (Tween 20), jumlah surfaktan (15 µl), masa pengekstrakan (2 minit) dan tanpa tambahan garam. Di bawah keadaan yang optimum, kaedah ini menunjukkan kelinearan baik pada julat kepekatan 1 –1000 μg L^-1 dengan pekali korelasi (R² ≥ 0.9932) dan had pengesanan yang diterima (0.3 μg L^-1) dan had kuantifikasi (1.0   μg L^{- 1}) untuk kedua-dua analit. Nilai perolehan semula yang baik dalam julat 91.75 – 104.1%, telah diperoleh bagi sampel air paip. Sisihan piawai relatif (RSDs) adalah 1.62 – 10.32% (n = 3). Kaedah yang dicadangkan telah digunakan untuk penentuan FLU dan PHE dalam sampel air paip dan jus tebu.

 

Kata kunci:    ultrabunyi-dibantu, surfaktan, pengemulsian, polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon, kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim

 

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