Malays. J. Anal. Sci. Volume 29 Number 6 (2025): 1614

Review Article

Adsorptive separation and influencing factors of bisphenols from environmental matrices using silica-based adsorbents: A review

Nur Farahin Mohd Ali¹, Rico Ramadhan^2,7, Noorfatimah Yahaya^1,2*, Maisarah Nasution Waras^1**, Ahmad Husaini Mohamed³, Nadhiratul Farihin Semail⁴, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz¹, Sazlinda Kamaruzaman⁵, Kit Wayne Chew⁶, Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain¹, Muggundha Raoov⁸

¹Department of Toxicology, Cancer Research and Specialist Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

²Exploration and Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds (ESBC), University Center of Excellence Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering (BIOME), Universitas Airlangga 60115, Indonesia

³School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

⁴Chemical and Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁵Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

⁶School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore

⁷Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

⁸Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: noorfatimah@usm.my; maisarah.waras@usm.my

Received: 7 July 2025; Revised: 3 November 2025; Accepted: 14 November 2025; Published: 30 December 2025

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues are extensively used in the plastic manufacturing industry and are recognized globally as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Due to their relatively similar chemical structures, BPA analogues exhibit comparable or even greater toxic effects. These bisphenols have raised significant concerns among the scientific community and environmentalists, and their potential impacts require further investigation and evaluation. Effective techniques for the removal of these emerging contaminants are urgently needed. This review presents a comprehensive and critical summary of recent advancements in silica-based adsorbents for the removal of emerging bisphenols, covering developments from 2010 to the most recently published studies. Silica has played an important role as a sorbent in adsorption technologies due to its unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, tuneable pore structure, and thermal stability. In this review, the surface modification and functionalization strategies aimed at enhancing adsorption capacity and selectivity are elaborated. Key variables, comparisons between different silica adsorbents, and adsorption mechanisms are discussed in detail. This review serves as a valuable reference for the development of efficient, low-cost, and selective adsorbents for the removal of bisphenols and other emerging contaminants.

Keywords: adsorption, bisphenols, silica, water pollutant removal, safe water access

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