Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 28 No 6 (2024): 1401 - 1416

β-CD-TDI POLYMER APPLICATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF CARCINOGENIC AROMATIC AMINES FROM THE BATIK INDUSTRY WASTEWATER

(Aplikasi Polimer β-CD-TDI untuk Penyingkiran Amina Aromatik Karsinogenik daripada Air Sisa Industri Batik)

Shahira Mat Yusof ¹, Hemavathy Surikumaran², Faizah Mohammad Yunus¹, Usman Abdullahi Usman³, Kavirajaa Pandian Sambasevam^4,5, Waleed Alahmad⁶, and Muggundha Raoov^1*

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

²Faculty of Bioeconomic, Food and Health Sciences, Universiti Geomatika Malaysia, 54200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³Department of Geology, Faculty of Science,University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

⁴Advanced Materials for Environmental Remediation (AMER), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

⁵Electrochemical Material and Sensor (EMaS) Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁶Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.

*Corresponding author: muggundha@um.edu.my

Received: 25 March 2024; Accepted: 26 August 2024; Published: 29 December 2024

Abstract

This work demonstrated the use of β-cyclodextrin-toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (β-CD-TDI) polymer as an adsorbent for the removal of 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine. The successfully synthesised β-CD-TDI polymer was characterised using FT-IR, SEM, and XRD. In the XRD analysis, the decrease in peak intensity indicates a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the polymer resulting from the inclusion of TDI molecules. The FTIR result shows a peak located at 872 cm^-1 indicating the presence of α-(1,4) glycopyranose originating from β-CD as well as 1600 cm^-1 and 1592 cm^-1 representing the ring from TDI respectively. The surface morphology for β-CD-TDI polymer had shrunk and became rough indicating the cross-linking process between β-CD and TDI taking place during polymerization. The optimal pH for the removal of 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine was pH 5. The quantitative measurements were performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 272 nm and 281 nm for 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine, respectively. The removal percentages under optimised conditions were 99.61 % and 95.65 % for 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R²) values were 0.9995 and 0.9996 for 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine, respectively. Pseudo second-order and Dubinin-Raduchkevich models were found to fit the adsorption of 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine onto the β-CD-TDI polymer. The current developed method of removal was tested using wastewater collected from 3 different batik manufacturers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The β-CD-TDI polymer possesses exceptional adsorption properties, making it a highly efficient alternative adsorbent for the removal of aromatic amines.

Keywords: removal, adsorption, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, βCD-TDI polymer

Abstrak

Kajian ini menunjukkan penggunaan polimer β-siklodekstrin-toluen-2,4-diisosiyanat (β-CD-TDI) sebagai penjerap untuk penyingkiran 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin. Polimer β-CD-TDI yang berjaya disintesis telah dicirikan menggunakan FT-IR, SEM, dan XRD. Dalam analisis XRD, penurunan keamatan puncak menunjukkan penurunan darjah kristaliniti polimer akibat daripada perangkuman molekul TDI. Hasil daripada FTIR menunjukkan bacaan pada 872 cm^-1 mewakili α-(1,4) glukopiranosa yang berasal dari β-CD serta pada 1600 cm^-1 dan 1592 cm^-1 mewakili gelang TDI. Morfologi permukaan polimer β-CD-TDI menunjukkan pengecutan dan kekasaran yang membuktikan bahawa proses penghubung silang antara β-CD dan TDI telah berlaku semasa pempolimeran. Bacaan pH optimum untuk penyingkiran 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin adalah pada pH 5. Pengukuran kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada 272 nm dan 281 nm untuk 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin. Peratusan penyingkiran di bawah keadaan optimum adalah 99.61 % dan 95.65 % untuk 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin. Nilai pekali penentuan (R²) adalah 0.9995 dan 0.9996 untuk 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin. Model pseudo kedua dan Dubinin-Raduchkevich didapati sesuai untuk penjerapan 4-aminobifenil dan benzidin ke atas polimer β-CD-TDI. Kaedah penyingkiran yang dibangunkan telah diuji menggunakan air sisa yang dikutip dari 3 kilang batik yang berbeza di Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Polimer β-CD-TDI mempunyai sifat penjerapan yang luar biasa, menjadikannya penjerap alternatif yang sangat cekap untuk penyingkiran amina aromatik.

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