Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 28 No 1 (2024): 174 - 187

 

POTENTIAL GREEN LIQUID FROM TERNARY DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT COMPOSED OF GALLIC ACID, UREA, AND ZINC CHLORIDE: CHARACTERIZATION OF THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES

 

(Potensi Cecair Hijau daripada Pelarut Eutektik Terdalam Ternari daripada Asid Galik, Urea, dan Zink Klorida: Pencirian Sifat Fisikokimia dan Termanya)

 

Nuraqilah Mohd Hatta and Siti Abd Halim*

 

Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical Engineering Technology, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka

 

*Corresponding author: sitinurulatikah@unikl.edu.my

 

 

Received: 15 September 2023; Accepted: 17 December 2023; Published:  28 February 2024

 

 

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted wide attention due to their cheaper cost, ease of manufacture, lower toxicity, and higher biological compatibility. In this study, we offer a more affordable and adaptable path to similar systems using gallic acid (GA), urea (U), and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The mixture produced, called GA-based DES, was prepared at varying molar ratios of 1:5:1, 1:6:1, 1:7:1, and 1:8:1 (GA:U:ZnCl2). The eutectic liquid form of the GA-based DES mixture was obtained when heated at an operating temperature of 120 °C, below the melting temperature of each individual chemical. The structural and physicochemical properties of the DESs were studied via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and viscosity test. Different molar ratios of the DES mixture affected the hydrogen bond interaction formed between GA and U as the hydrogen bond donors and ZnCl2 as the hydrogen bond acceptor in the DES mixture with the presence of O–H stretching and N–H stretching vibration bands as an association effect of GA, U, and ZnCl2. An increase in the U ratio weakened the hydrogen bond and reduced the viscosity of the liquid in the DES mixture due to an increase in O–H stretching. The current findings provide a potential justification for the viscosity of DES mixtures and aid in tailoring the design and development of new DES mixtures for further applications, such as extraction, separation, conversion to functional porous carbon, and biochemical technology.

 

Keywords: chemical properties, deep eutectic solvent, gallic acid, urea, physical properties

 

Abstrak

Pelarut eutektik terdalam (DES) telah menarik perhatian luas kerana kosnya yang lebih murah, kemudahan pembuatan, ketoksikan yang lebih rendah, dan keserasian biologi yang lebih tinggi. Dalam kajian ini, kami menawarkan laluan yang lebih berpatutan dan boleh disesuaikan kepada sistem serupa menggunakan asid galik (GA), urea (U), dan zink klorida (ZnCl2). DES berasaskan GA yang dihasilkan dalam kajian ini adalah daripada campuran GA-U-ZnCl2 yang terdiri daripada empat nisbah molar berbeza iaitu 1:5:1, 1:6:1, 1:7:1, dan 1:8:1. Cecair eutektik campuran DES berasaskan GA diperoleh apabila dipanaskan pada suhu operasi 120 °C di bawah suhu lebur setiap bahan kimia. Sifat struktur dan fizikokimia DES dikaji melalui spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier, analisis termogravimetri, dan ujian kelikatan. Nisbah molar campuran DES yang berbeza mempengaruhi interaksi ikatan hidrogen yang terbentuk antara GA dan U sebagai penderma ikatan hidrogen dan ZnCl2 sebagai penerima ikatan hidrogen dalam campuran DES dengan kehadiran regangan O–H dan jalur getaran regangan N–H sebagai kesan persatuan GA, U, dan ZnCl2. Peningkatan nisbah U melemahkan ikatan hidrogen dan mengurangkan kelikatan cecair dalam campuran DES disebabkan oleh peningkatan dalam regangan O–H. Penemuan semasa memberikan justifikasi yang berpotensi untuk kelikatan hasil daripada campuran DES dan membantu dalam menyesuaikan reka bentuk dan perkembangan campuran DES baharu untuk aplikasi selanjutnya.

 

Kata kunci: sifat kimia, pelarut eutektik dalam, asid galik, urea, ciri-ciri fizikal

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