Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 6 (2023): 1236 – 1248

 

EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL Citrus hystrix BY USING ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION

 

(Pengestrakan Pati Minyak Citrus hystrix Menggunakan Pengekstrakan Bantuan Ultrasonik)

 

Ng Hui Ying, Gan Shi Min, and Saliza Asman*

 

Department of Physics and Chemistry,

Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Pagoh Eucation Hub,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: salizaa@uthm.edu.my

 

 

Received: 4 August 2023; Accepted: 18 September 2023; Published:  29 December 2023

 

Abstract

Citrus hystrix is a famous aromatic plant that comprises biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antileukemic, and antitussive properties. Several conventional extraction methods like hydro-distillation, steam distillation and Soxhlet distillation have been used to extract essential oils (EOs), but they are time-consuming, expensive and necessitate the use of numerous solvents. Therefore, this study focused on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) which is a novel extraction method that has lower operating costs and shorter extraction time. UAE was performed to extract the EOs from C.hystrix peels by using methanol and petroleum benzine. The yield of extracted EOs were 9.43% and 2.36%, respectively. After extraction, a qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out to detect chemical constituents in the EOs. Both EOs showed positive results in the tests of alkaloids and terpenoids. Besides, the surface morphology of fresh C.hystrix powder before extraction and the residual powder after extraction were compared by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM photographs of both residual powders revealed pores that appeared because of peel surfaces implosion which occurred during extraction. Functional groups at the configuration peaks were characterised by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemical constituents in the EOs were analysed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Results for both extracted EOs demonstrated  the presence of OH stretching at 3625-3025 cm-1, CH3 stretching at 2939-2834 cm-1, C=O stretching at 1721-1719 cm-1 and C=C stretching at 1624-1622 cm-1. The GCMS result indicated that the main chemical compounds of both EOs were d-limonene, citronellal, and terpinen-4-ol. According to the findings, UAE extraction method was recommended due to its environmental friendliness and short extraction time.

 

Keywords: C. hystrix peel, ultrasound-assisted extraction, essential oils, phytochemical screening

 

Abstrak

C. hystrix merupakan tumbuhan aromatik terkenal yang terdiri daripada sifat-sifat biologi seperti sifat antioksidan, antibakteria, antileukemik dan antitusif. Beberapa kaedah pengekstrakan konvensional seperti penyulingan hidro, penyulingan wap, dan penyulingan soxhlet telah digunakan untuk mengekstrak minyak pati (EOs) namum memerlukan penggunaan banyak pelarut, memakan masa, dan mahal. Oleh itu, kajian ini tertumpu kepada penggunaan pengekstrakan bantuan ultrasonik (UAE) yang merupakan kaedah pengekstrakan novel yang mempunyai kos operasi yang lebih rendah dan masa pengekstrakan yang lebih singkat. UAE telah digunakan untuk mengekstrak EOs daripada kulit C.hystrix menggunakan metanol, dan petroleum benzine. Hasil kedua-dua EO yang diekstrak adalah 9.43% dan 2.36%. Selepas pengekstrakan, analisis fitokimia kualitatif telah dilakukan untuk mengesan konstituen kimia dalam EOs. Kedua-dua EOs menunjukkan keputusan positif dalam ujian alkaloid dan terpenoid. Selain itu, morfologi permukaan serbuk C.hystrix segar sebelum pengekstrakan dan serbuk sisa selepas pengekstrakan telah dibandingkan dengan menggunakan pengimbas mikroskopi elektron (SEM). Gambar-gambar SEM bagi kedua-dua serbuk sisa menunjukkan liang yang hadir disebabkan oleh letupan permukaan kulit yang berlaku semasa pengekstrakan. Kumpulan-kumpulan berfungsi pada puncak konfigurasi telah dicirikan menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier (FTIR), dan juzuk-juzuk kimia dalam EOs dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim (GCMS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan kehadiran regangan OH pada 3625-3025 cm-1, regangan CH3 pada 2939-2834 cm-1, regangan C=O pada 1721-1719 cm-1, and regangan C=C pada 1624-1622 cm-1 untuk kedua-dua EO yang diekstrak. Data GCMS menunjukkan komposisi kimia utama bagi kedua-dua EOs adalah D-limonene, sitronelal, dan terpinen-4-ol. Berdasarkan penemuan, kaedah pengekstrakan UAE disyorkan kerana mesra alam dan masa pengekstrakan yang singkat.

 

Kata kunci: kulit C.hystrix, pengekstrakan bantuan ultrasonik, minyak pati, penyaringan fitokimi

 

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