Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 6 (2023): 1389 - 1425

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF GRAPHENE NANOPLATELETS FOR REMOVAL AND DETECTION OF HEAVY METALS AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS

(Satu Komprehensif Kajian Semula Berkenaan Nanoplatelet Grafin untuk Penyingkiran dan Pengesanan Logam Berat dan Sebatian yang

Mengganggu Endokrin)

Sazlinda Kamaruzaman^{1, 2*}, Najihah Mohammad Nasir¹, Yugarani Arivalagan¹, Noorfatimah Yahaya³,

Saw Hong Loh⁴, Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi⁵, Wan Nazihah Wan Ibrahim⁵ and Ili Syazana Johari¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

²Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia

³Department of Toxicology, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Sciences and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

⁵Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: sazlinda@upm.edu.my

Received: 29 August 2023; Accepted: 3 October 2023; Published: 29 December 2023

Abstract

Heavy metals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have disruptive effects on an intact organism or its progeny. Due to the widespread presence of heavy metals and EDC in waterways, it is important to determine how effectively these compounds are removed from the environment. Their concentration has attained dangerous levels because of numerous anthropogenic activities such industrial operations, particularly mining, agricultural processes, and the disposal of industrial waste materials. Heavy metals and EDC have been removed using a variety of effective approaches, including chemical oxidation, biodegradation, liquid extraction, membrane techniques, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, coagulation, flocculation, etc. These methods have several drawbacks, including a high reagent requirement, unpredictable metal ion removal, the generation of toxic sludge, etc. Adsorption is a method that shows promise because of its simple design, low cost, and high efficiency. Its ability to remove hazardous and micropollutants from wastewater is what makes it the method of choice. The use of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as adsorbents in the treatment of water has been established by research. A wide range of water pollutants, including but not limited to organic molecules and inorganic heavy metals, are reported to be effectively remedied by GNPs. The high surface areas and modifiable functional groups of GNPs can be used to remove various contaminants in water and wastewater treatment processes. More significantly, because GNPs are mainly made up of carbon, this characteristic makes it easier to use these carbon-based materials for adsorbing pollutants in water and wastewater treatment systems. In the present review, the mechanisms of adsorption are demonstrated by investigating the kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of adsorption. Besides that, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial analyte concentration were investigated.

Keywords: graphene nanoplatelets, endocrine disrupting compounds, heavy metals, isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamic

Abstrak

Logam berat dan bahan kimia pengganggu endokrin (EDC) mempunyai kesan yang mengganggu pada organisma yang utuh atau keturunannya. Disebabkan kehadiran meluas logam berat dan EDC dalam laluan air, adalah penting untuk menentukan keberkesanan sebatian ini dikeluarkan dari alam sekitar. Kepekatan mereka telah mencapai tahap berbahaya kerana banyak aktiviti antropogenik seperti operasi perindustrian, terutamanya perlombongan, proses pertanian, dan pelupusan bahan buangan industri. Logam berat dan EDC telah dialih keluar menggunakan pelbagai pendekatan yang berkesan, termasuk pengoksidaan kimia, biodegradasi, pengekstrakan cecair, teknik membran, pemendakan kimia, pertukaran ion, osmosis songsang, pembekuan, pemberbukuan, dll. Kaedah ini mempunyai beberapa kelemahan, termasuk yang tinggi. keperluan reagen, penyingkiran ion logam yang tidak dapat diramalkan, penjanaan enap cemar toksik, dsb. Penjerapan ialah kaedah yang menjanjikan kerana reka bentuknya yang ringkas, kos rendah dan kecekapan tinggi. Keupayaannya untuk membuang bahan pencemar berbahaya dan mikro daripada air sisa adalah yang menjadikannya kaedah pilihan. Penggunaan graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) sebagai penjerap dalam rawatan air telah ditubuhkan oleh penyelidikan. Pelbagai bahan pencemar air, termasuk tetapi tidak terhad kepada molekul organik dan logam berat bukan organik, dilaporkan akan dipulihkan dengan berkesan oleh KNK. Kawasan permukaan yang tinggi dan kumpulan fungsi GNP yang boleh diubah suai boleh digunakan untuk membuang pelbagai bahan cemar dalam air dan proses rawatan air sisa. Lebih ketara, kerana KNK kebanyakannya terdiri daripada karbon, ciri ini memudahkan penggunaan bahan berasaskan karbon ini untuk menjerap bahan pencemar dalam sistem rawatan air dan air sisa. Dalam kajian ini, mekanisme penjerapan ditunjukkan dengan menyiasat kinetik, isoterma, dan termodinamik penjerapan. Selain itu, pH, masa sentuhan, dos penjerap, dan kepekatan analit awal telah disiasat.

Kata kunci: kepingan nano grafit, sebatian mengendala endokrin, logam berat, isoterma, kinetik, termodinamik

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