Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 5 (2023): 1089 - 1099

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL Ziziphus mauritiana LEAF TEAS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH ION TRAP/TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY

(Analisis Fitokimia Teh Daun Ziziphus mauritiana Komersial oleh Kromatografi Cecair Bergabung dengan Perangkap Ion/Spektrometri Jisim Masa Penerbangan)

Siti Umairah Mokhtar^*, Nurul Fadilah Suardi, Ulia Maisarah Musni, Fathul Aiman Fahmi,

Muhammad Syahmi Faiz Shamsuddin

Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, University Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: umairah@umpsa.edu.my

Received: 22 June 2023; Accepted: 22 August 2023; Published: 30 October 2023

Abstract

Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. mauritiana) tea is a medicinal herbal tea that is widely sold and consumed especially in Malaysia due to the belief of this herbal tea’s beneficial health effects. However, there are limited comprehensive studies on the phytochemicals profiling of this herbal tea that have been published to date. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different infusion times and volumes of water on the phytochemical’s profiles of Z. mauritiana tea infusions. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of saponin and flavonoid while the total phenolic content (TPC) of the herbal tea was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay method. The gallic acid standard calibration curve showed good correlation coefficient, R², at 0.9987. From the TPC study, it was indicated that 10 minutes of infusion time of Z. mauritiana infused tea with 200 mL water resulted in higher TPC (32.01 mg GAE/g) compared to other infusion times (15 and 20 minutes) and volume of water (50 and 150 mL). For chemical profiling of phytochemical compounds in tea infusion, the advanced chromatographic method of Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-ion-trap-time of flight (LCMS-IT-TOF) was applied to provide highly accurate analysis for phytochemical analysis and revealed the identification of 14–23 compounds, including phenolic, saponin, terpenoid, glycosides and alkaloid compounds in the Z. mauritiana infused tea sample.

Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana, herbal tea, phytochemical, LCMS-IT-TOF, phenolic

Abstrak

Teh Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. mauritiana) ialah teh herba perubatan yang banyak dijual dan digunakan terutamanya di Malaysia kerana wujudnya kepercayaan bahawa teh herba ini mempunyai kesan kesihatan yang baik. Namun, sedikit sahaja kajian komprehensif yang telah diterbitkan setakat ini mengenai pemprofilan fitokimia teh herbanya. Oleh itu, kajian ini menyiasat kesan masa infusi dan isi padu air yang berbeza terhadap profil fitokimia infusi teh Z. mauritiana. Saringan fitokimia telah dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti kehadiran saponin dan flavonoid serta jumlah kandungan fenolik (TPC) teh herba yang dikuantifikasikan dengan menggunakan metode asai Folin-Ciocalteu. Keluk penentukuran piawai asid galik menunjukkan pekali korelasi yang baik, R², dengan nilai R² pada 0.9987. Daripada kajian TPC tersebut, ditunjukkan bahawa infusi selama 10 minit di dalam teh Z. mauritiana dengan 200 mL air menghasilkan TPC yang lebih tinggi (32.01 mg GAE/g) berbanding dengan tempoh infusi (15 dan 20 minit) dan isi padu air (50 dan 150 mL) yang lain. Untuk pemprofilan kimia sebatian fitokimia di dalam infusi teh, kaedah kromatografi lanjutan iaitu Kromatografi Cecair Spektrometri Jisim-ion-perangkap-masa penerbangan (LCMS-IT-TOF) telah digunakan untuk menyediakan analisis yang sangat tepat untuk analisis fitokimia dan mendedahkan pengesanan 14 –23 sebatian termasuk sebatian fenolik, saponin, terpenoid, glikosida, dan alkaloid di dalam sampel teh Z. mauritiana.

Kata kunci: Ziziphus mauritiana, teh herba, fitokimia, LCMS-IT-TOF, fenolik

References

1. Yadav, R., and Agarwala, M. (2011). Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology, 3(12): 10-14.

2. Jamshidi-Kia, F., Lorigooini, Z., and Amini-Khoei, H. (2018). Medicinal plants: Past history and future perspective. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 7(1): 1-7.

3. Orwa, C., Mutua, A., and Simons, A. (2009). Ziziphus mauritiana. Agroforestry database: A tree reference and selection guide: pp.1-6.

4. Zeng, L., Ma, M., Li, C. and Luo L. (2017) Stability of tea polyphenols solution with different pH at different temperatures. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(1): 1-18.

5. Zhang, R., Chen, J., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Peng, Z., Zheng, L., and Wang, X. (2014). Phytochemical analysis of chinese commercial Ziziphus jujube leaf tea using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Food Research International, 56: 47-54.

6. Guo, S., Duan, J. ao, Tang, Y., Qian, Y., Zhao, J., Qian, D., Su, S., and Shang, E. (2011). Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of triterpenic acids, saponins and flavonoids in the leaves of two Ziziphus species by HPLC-PDA-MS/ELSD. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 56(2): 264-270.

7. Sofowora A. (1993). Medicinal plants and traditional medicines in Africa. Chichester John Willey & Sons New York: pp. 256.

8. Abuga, I., Sulaiman, S. F., Abdul Wahab, R., Ooi, K. L., and Abdull Rasad, M. S. B. (2022). Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of 45 Malay traditional medicinal plants. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 32: 100496.

9. PushaRani, V., Deepak Kumar, K., Parimalam, M., Delphine Jaya Mary, J. and Meena Kumari, G. (2017) Screening of medicinal plant Justicia gendarussa Burm. F for its antibacterial and antioxidant activity from differen localities. International Journal of Current Research, 9(4): 49063-49066.

10. Cheng, G., Bai, Y. J., Zhao, Y. Y., Tao, J., Liu, Y., Tu, G. Z., Ma, L., Liao, N., and Xu, X. (2000) Flavonoids from Ziziphus jujuba Mill var. spinosa. Tetrahedron, 56: 8915-8920.

11. Abdullah, S. S. S., and Mazlan, A. N. (2020). Quantification of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in several herbal and green tea products in Malaysia. Materials Today: Proceedings, 31: A106-A113.

12. Pereira, V. P., Knor, F. J., Vellosa, J. C. R., and Beltrame, F. L. (2014). Determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of green, black and white teas of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16(3): 490-498.

13. Ho, L-H., Ramli, N. F., Tan, T-C., Muhamad, N., and Haron, M. N. (2018) Effect of extraction solvents and drying conditions on total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of watermelon rind powder. Sains Malaysiana, 47(1): 99-107.

14. Castiglioni S, Damiani E, Astolfi P, Carloni P. (2015) Influence of steeping conditions (time, temperature, and particle size) on antioxidant properties and sensory attributes of some white and green teas. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 66(5): 491-497.

15. Nikniaz, Z., Mahdavi, R., Ghaemmaghami, S. J., Yagin, N. L., Nikniaz, L. (2016) Effect of different brewing times on antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of loosely packed and bagged black teas (Camellia sinensis L.). Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 6(3): 313-321.

16. Sadashiva, M. P., Gowda, R., Wu, X., Inamdar, G. S., Kuzu, O. F., Rangappa, K. S., Robertson, G. P., and Gowda, D. C. (2015). A non-cytotoxic N-dehydroabietylamine derivative with potent antimalarial activity. Experimental Parasitology, 155: 68-73.

17. Stojakowska, A., Michalska, K., Kleczek, N., Malarz, J., and Beharav, A. (2018) Phenolic and terpenoids from a wild edible plant Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss.: A preliminary study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 69: 20-24.

18. Mahdy, A. H. S., Zayed, S. E., Abo-Bakr, A. M., and Hassan, E. A. (2022) Camphor: Synthesis, reactions and uses as a potential moiety in the development of complexes and organocatalysts. Tetrahedron, 121: 132913.

19. Schieber, A., and Wust, M. (2020) Volatile phenols – Important contributors to the aroma of plant-derived foods. Molecules, 25: 4529-4540.