Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 4 (2023): 766 - 776

 

STABILITY OF GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY USING Euphorbia milii (EUPHORBIACEAE) LEAVES EXTRACT WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AND POLARITIES

 

(Kestabilan Sintesis Hijau Nanopartikel Perak dari Ekstrak Daun Euphorbia milii

(Euphorbiaceae) menggunakan Pelarut dan Kekutuban yang Berbeza)

 

Nur Rasyidah Ramli1, Hanis Mohd Yusoff1,2, Maulidiani Maulidiani1,

Asnuzilawati Asari1,2, and Nurul Huda Abdul Wahab1,2*

 

1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

 2Advanced Nano Materials (ANoMa) Research Group,Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: nhuda@umt.edu.my

 

 

Received: 15 January 2023; Accepted: 2 July 2023; Published:  22 August 2023

 

 

Abstract

Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis can be produced by chemical, physical, and green synthesis methods. In this study, green synthesis of AgNPs was conducted by using Euphorbia milii (E. milii) leaf extract as the reducing agent. E. milii, also called crown-of-thorn or in Malay ‘Mahkota duri’ was used as the targeted plant in this study due to its rich phytochemical contents. The leaves were extracted into six different solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and distilled water) by increasing polarities to extract different varieties of compounds that were applied as reducing agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. The crude extract was added to 1 mM AgNO3 solution and kept in the dark at room temperature for 24 hours. The process was repeated for all crude extracts with different solvent polarities. The AgNPs solution obtained was analysed by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The stability of the AgNPs was observed and compared between different extracts from different polarities. The wavelength of UV-Vis obtained for the 6 sets was between 415 nm and 485.5 nm. The formation of AgNPs based on the surface plasmon resonance band is proved by the peak that appeared around λ = ~450 nm.  The FTIR spectroscopy of the various extracts indicated the presence of OH, C-H stretching, C=O stretching, C=C stretching and C-O stretching, respectively, as compared with the FTIR spectrum for AgNPs for the synthesis and stabilization of the AgNPs. SEM images showed the different sizes of AgNPs for different extracts, with a range of about 67 to 843 nm.

 

Keywords: green synthesis, reducing agent, green AgNPs, euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia milii

 

Abstrak

Sintesis nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) boleh dihasilkan melalui kaedah sintesis kimia, fizikal dan hijau. Dalam kajian ini, sintesis hijau AgNPs telah dijalankan menggunakan ekstrak daun Euphorbia milii (E. milii) yang bertindak sebagai agen penurunan. E. milii atau juga dipanggil mahkota duri atau dalam bahasa Melayunya ‘Mahkota duri’ telah digunakan sebagai tumbuhan sasaran dalam kajian ini kerana kandungan fitokimia yang kaya. Daun diekstrak ke dalam enam pelarut berbeza (heksana, kloroform, etil asetat, aseton, metanol, dan air suling) dengan meningkatkan kekutuban untuk mengekstrak pelbagai sebatian yang berbeza yang digunakan sebagai agen pengurangan dalam sintesis AgNPs. Ekstrak mentah telah ditambah ke dalam larutan 1 mM AgNO3 dan disimpan dalam gelap pada suhu bilik selama 24 jam. Proses ini diulang untuk semua ekstrak mentah dengan kekutuban pelarut yang berbeza. Penyelesaian AgNP yang diperolehi dianalisis dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier (FTIR), dan mikroskop elektron pengimbasan (SEM). Kestabilan AgNP diperhatikan dan dibandingkan dari ekstrak yang berbeza kekutubannya. Panjang gelombang UV-Vis yang diperoleh untuk 6 set adalah antara julat 415-485.5 nm. Pembentukan AgNP berdasarkan jalur resonans plasmon permukaan dibuktikan oleh puncak yang muncul sekitar λ = ~450 nm. Spektroskopi FTIR bagi pelbagai ekstrak menunjukkan kehadiran OH, regangan CH, regangan C=O, regangan C=C dan regangan CO, masing-masing berbanding dengan spektrum FTIR untuk AgNP untuk sintesis dan penstabilan AgNPs. Imej SEM menunjukkan saiz AgNP yang berbeza untuk ekstrak berbeza dengan julat kira-kira 67 hingga 843 nm.

 

Kata kunci: sintesis hijau, agen penurun, AgNPs hijau, euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia milii

 

References

1.       Xu, L., Wang, Y. Y., Huang, J., Chen, C. Y., Wang, Z. X., and Xie, H. (2020). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics, 10(20): 8996-9031.

2.       Saidi, M. N. S., Yusoff, H. M., Irsyad, U. H. B., Apaalasamy, S., Hassim, A. D. M., Yusoff, F., Asari, A., and Wahab, N. H. A. (2020). Stability and antibacterial properties of green synthesis silver nanoparticles using Nephelium lappaceum peel extract. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 24(6): 940-953.

3.       Lekha, N. K., Khaga, R. S., Hari, P., Kshama, P., Bipeen, D., Ganga, D. C., Yuba, R. P., & Surya, K. K. (2022). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from root extracts of rubus ellipticus sm. And comparison of antioxidant and antibacterial activity.  Journal of Nanomaterials, 11: 1832587.

4.       Borase, H. P., Patil, C. D., Salunkhe, R. B., Narkhede, C. P., Salunke, B. K., and Patil, S. V. (2013). Phyto-synthesized silver nanoparticles: a potent mosquito biolarvicidal agent. Journal of Nanomedicine and Biotherapeutic Discovery, 3(1): 1-7.

5.       Gaurav, P., Priya, R., and Anjana, P. (2019). Green synthesis of nanoparticles: A greener approach for a cleaner future. Micro and Nano Technologies, 1-26.

6.       Krithiga, N., Rajalakshmi, A., and Jayachitra, A. (2015). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Clitoria ternatea and Solanum nigrum and study of its antibacterial effect against common nosocomial pathogens. Journal of Nanoscience, 2015: 1-8.

7.       Abd Mutalib, N. S. A., Yusuf, N., Asari, A., Aziz, A. N., and Wahab, N. H. A. (2020). Qualitative and quantitative of phytochemical analysis of Malaysian Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae) and its antioxidant activities. Malaysian Applied Biology, 46(4): 233-239.

8.       Kamurthy, H., Dontha, S., and Rajani, K. (2015). Phytochemical screening on euphorbia milii red flowers- isolation of terpenoids, flavone and phenol. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2(6): 322-332.

9.       AlSalhi, M. S., Elangovan, K., Ranjitsigh, A. J. A., Murali, P., and Devanesan, S. (2019). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant derived 4-N-methyl benzoic acid and evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26: 970-978.

10.    Lubis, F. A., Malek, N. A. N. N., Sani, N. S., and Jemon, K. (2022). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Persicaria odorata leaf extract: Antibacterial, cytocompatibility, and in vitro wound healing evaluation. Particuology, 70: 10-19.

11.    Wiley, B. J., Sang, H. I., Zhi-Yuan, L., McLellan, J., Siekkinen, A., and Xia, Y. (2006). Manuevering the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanostructures through shape-conrolled synthesis. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110: 15666-15675.

12.    Isa, N., Osman, M. S., Abdul Hamid, H., Inderan, V., and Lockman, Z. (2023). Studies of surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles reduced by aqueous extract of shortleaf spikes edge and their catalytic activity. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25(5): 658-669.

13.    Paramelle, D., Sadovoy, A., Gorelik, S., Free, P., Hobley, J., and Fernig, D. G. (2014). A rapid method to estimate the concentration of citrate capped silver nanoparticles from UV-visible light spectra. Analyst, 139(19): 4855-4861.

14.    Singh, R., and Navneet. (2021). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using methanol extract of ipomoea carnea Jacq. To combat multidrug resistance bacterial pathogens. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4: 100152.

15.    Payapo, I. A., Zakir, M., and Soekamto, N. H. (2017). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bioreductor of ketapang leaf extract (Terminalia catappa) and its potential as sunscreen. Indonesia Chimica Acta, 10(1): 1-19.

16.    Ahmad, N., Fozia, Jabeen, M., Haq, Z. U., Ahmad, I., Wahab, A., Islam, Z. U., Ullah, R., Bari, A., Abdel-Daim, M. M., El-Demerdash, F. M., and Khan, M. Y. (2022). Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles using euphorbia serpens kunth aqueous extract, their characterization, and investigation of its in vitro antioxidative, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and cytotoxic activities. BioMed Research International, 2022: 5562849.

17.    Bennet Rohan, D., Raji, P., Divya Kumar, M., Gandham, R. G., Kripu Sharma, V., Keerthana, D., Karishma, S., Antony, V. S., Iyappan, P., Thirumurugan, R., Sajna, K. P., Paulraj, P., Jenifer Selvarani, A., and Prakash, P. (2020). Green synthesis and antibacterial activity studies of silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extracts of euphorbia hirta. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14(1): 301-306.

18.    Rizwan, M., Amin, S., Malikovna, B. K., Rauf, A., Siddique, M., Ullah, K., Bawazeer, S., Farooq, U., Mabkhot, Y. N., and Ramadan, M. F. (2020). Green synthesis and antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles with boerhavia procumbens extracts. Journal of Pure an Applied Microbiology, 14(2): 1437-1451

19.    Shireen, F., Bashir, A., Ahmad, L., Khan, S., Rauf, A., Khalil, A. A., Zia, A., Mabkhot, Y., Almarhoon, Z., Hassanien, M., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2022). Anti-neoplastic and cytotoxic evaluation of green AgNPs and crude extracts from Agave americana, Mentha spicata, and Mangifera indica leaves. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2022: 9723074.