Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 4 (2023): 702 - 715

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BIODEGRADABILITY OF PALM OIL PRODUCTS (POP) IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

(Sifat Fizikokimia dan Kebolehbiodegradasi Produk Minyak Sawit (POP)

dalam Persekitaran Marin)

Nur Azmina Roslan^*, Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli, Noorazah Zolkarnain, Siti Afida Ishak,

and Razmah Ghazali

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB),

6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: nazmina@mpob.gov.my

Received: 18 January 2023; Accepted: 21 June 2023; Published: 22 August 2023

Abstract

Palm oil products (POP), i.e., crude palm oil (CPO), crude palm kernel oil (CPKO), refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil (RBDPO), and RBD palm olein (RBDPOo), are among the most highly traded POP in the world. Therefore, the quality and biodegradability of POP need to be assessed to ensure the traded POP is safe to consume and environmentally friendly. This paper investigates the physicochemical properties of POP, including moisture, slip melting point, iodine value, fatty acid content, and free fatty acid, using MPOB p2.1:2004, AOCS C c3-25, AOCS Cd 1d-92, AOCS Ce 1a-13, and MPOB p2.5:2004 test methods, respectively. Analysis showed that all the POP were within the requirements as specified by the Malaysian Standards, the Palm Oil Refiners Association of Malaysia (PORAM), the Malayan Edible Oil Manufacturers' Association (MEOMA), Codex Alimentarius, and the Malaysian Palm Oil Association (MPOA). Meanwhile, the biodegradability assessment of these POP in the marine environment was carried out according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 306, Biodegradability in Seawater test method, using the closed bottle method. The results indicated that CPO, CPKO, RBDPO, and RBDPOo can be degraded in temperate marine water at 74%, 70%, 75%, and 72%, respectively.

Keywords: biodegradation, quality, seawater, specification, standard

Abstrak

Produk minyak sawit (POP), iaitu minyak sawit mentah (CPO), minyak isirung sawit mentah (CPKO), minyak sawit ditapis, diluntur dan dinyahbau (RBDPO) dan minyak sawit olein RBD (RBDPOo), adalah antara POP yang terkenal dan diperdagangkan di dunia. Oleh itu, kualiti dan kebolehbiodegradan POP perlu dinilai untuk memastikan POP yang diperdagangkan selamat untuk dimakan dan mesra alam. Kajian ini menyiasat sifat fizikokimia POP, termasuk lembapan, takat lebur gelincir, nilai iodin, kandungan asid lemak dan asid lemak bebas menggunakan kaedah ujian MPOB p2.1:2004, AOCS C c3-25, AOCS Cd 1d-92, AOCS Ce 1a-13 and MPOB p2.5:2004. Analisis menunjukkan bahawa semua POP berada dalam perincian seperti yang ditetapkan oleh Jabatan Standard Malaysia, Persatuan Penapis Minyak Sawit Malaysia (PORAM), Persatuan Pengilang Minyak Masak Malaysia (MEOMA), Codex Alimentarius dan Persatuan Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOA). Sementara itu, penilaian kebolehbiodegradan POP ini dalam persekitaran marin telah dilaksanakan mengikut kaedah ujian Organisasi bagi Pembangunan dan Kerjasama Ekonomi (OECD) 306, Biodegradasi dalam Air Laut, menggunakan kaedah botol tertutup. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa CPO, CPKO, RBDPO and RBDPOo boleh terdegradasi dalam air marin sederhana dengan 74%, 70%, 75% and 72%, masing-masing.

Kata kunci: biodegradasi, kualiti, air laut, perincian, piawai

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