Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 4 (2023): 890 - 905

DEGRADATION OF AZO DYES FROM EFFLUENTS: A MINI REVIEW FOCUSING ON COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENTLY EXISTING INDUSTRIAL METHODS AND GREEN OXIDATION CATALYSIS TREATMENT INVOLVING Fe-TAML AND H₂O₂

(Degradasi Pewarna Azo daripada Efluen: Sebuah Mini Ulasan yang Memfokuskan Perbandingan Antara Teknik Industri yang Kini Wujud dan Rawatan Pemangkinan Pengoksidaan Hijau Melibatkan Fe-TAML dan H₂O₂)

Wan Mohd Norsani Wan Nik¹, Nabilah Ismail^2*, Saranraj Saravanan², Nur Khairunnisa Nazri²,

and Mohd Arzaimiruddin Ariffin³

¹Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics,Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

²Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

³Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus Bukit Besi 23200, Jln Kuala Berang, Terengganu, Malaysia.

^*Corresponding author: nabilah.i@umt.edu.my

Received: 7 March 2023; Accepted: 3 June 2023; Published: 22 August 2023

Abstract

Dyes are widely used as coloring agents globally in the industrial field, especially in the textile industry. As proof, 10,000 types of dyes have been introduced and are continuously used, reaching a usage viability of 700,000 tons. The widespread use of synthetic dyes is caused by their economic factors, ready availability, superior strength, and ability to cover a wide range of shades. However, the discharge of commercial dyes is increasing at a swift rate as industrialization continues to grow, leading to severe hazards to living organisms due to their toxic and harmful impacts. The discharge of dyes into water reservoirs is a concern because of their high toxicity and bioaccumulation in living organisms. One of the most used commercial dyes, azo dyes, possesses a benzidine function that needs to be treated soon due to its side effects. Dyes contain toxicity and have a strong tendency toward eutrophication. The major globally concerned issues are water and soil pollution. The massive use of these dyes in industrial sectors is the main reason behind these environmental issues. Even at concentrations lower than one ppm, around 10% of the untreated discharged dyes impart an intense color, making the water highly detrimental. As an unwanted consequence, this exhibits an immense environmental hazard to the surroundings. Thorough studies on dye metabolites and their constituents have been developed to reduce the acute diverse effects of dyes. However, a few outdated techniques such as ozonation and chlorination are still being utilized to break down untreated dye discharge for various reasons, including economic factors. In this review, the ability of the green oxidation catalysis method of degradation to degrade dye is reviewed owing to its eco-friendliness and safety.

Keywords: azo dyes, green oxidation, catalysis, degradation of dyes, toxicity

Abstrak

Pewarna telah digunakan secara meluas sebagai agen pewarna di dalam bidang industri global, terutamanya di dalam bidang tekstil. Buktinya, terdapat 10,000 jenis pewarna telah diperkenalkan dan digunakan secara berterusan sehingga mencapai tahap penggunaan 700,000 tan. Penggunaan pewarna sintetik yang secara meluas adalah disebabkan faktor ekonominya yang sedia ada, kekuatan yang unggul, dan kebolehan untuk meliputi julat warna. Pembuangan pewarna komersil telah meningkat secara pantas selari dengan kadar pertumbuhan perindustrian, menyebabkan risiko yang serius kepada hidupan bernyawa telah dikenal pasti kerana impak pewarna yang toksik dan berbahaya. Pembuangan pewarna di dalam takungan air diberi perhatian kerana kesan toksik yang tinggi dan bioakumulasi dalam hidupan bernyawa. Pewarna komersil yang sangat biasa digunakan, pewarna azo memiliki fungsi benzidine yang perlu dirawat dengan segera kerana kesan sampingannya. Pewarna mempunyai toksik yang tinggi dan mempunyai kecenderungan yang kuat terhadap eutrofikasi. Isu utama yang menjadi perhatian secara global adalah pencemaran air dan tanah. Penggunaan perwarna secara berleluasa dalam sektor industri adalah punca utama isu pencemaran ini berlaku. Walaupun pada kepekatan bawah daripada 1 ppm, sekitar 10% pewarna yang dibuang dan tidak dirawat menghasilkan warna yang terang yang menyebabkan kandungan air menjadi sangat berbahaya. Sebagai kesan yang tidak diingini, bahan ini menunjukkan bahaya kepada alam sekitar dan sekelilingnya. Satu kajian yang mendalam mengenai metabolit pewarna dan unsur-unsur ini telah dibangunkan untuk mengurangkan pelbagai kesan pewarna yang berbahaya. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa teknik yang lama seperti pengozonan dan pengklorinan masih digunakan untuk merawat pewarna yang dibuang dan tidak dirawat atas beberapa faktor termasuk faktor ekonomi. Dalam ulasan ini, kebolehan cara pemangkinan pengoksidaan hijau untuk degradasi pewarna diulaskan kerana ianya mesra alam dan selamat.

Kata kunci: pewarna azo, pengoksidaan hijau, pemangkinan, degradasi pewarna, ketoksikan

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