Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 1 (2023): 216 - 230
MULTI-TRACE
METALS DETERMINATION OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA STINGLESS BEE HONEYS FROM DIFFERENT
REGIONS
AND SEASONS USING INDUCTIVELY COUPLED
PLASMA-OPTICAL
EMISSION SPECTROMETRY AND
CHEMOMETRIC
TECHNIQUES
(Penentuan Logam Pelbagai Surih Madu Lebah Tanpa Sengatan
dari Pelbagai Rantau dan Musim Berbeza Menggunakan Plasma Gandingan
Teraruh-Spektrometri
Pancaran Optik dan Teknik Kemometrik)
Syazwani Dzolin1, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim1*,
Naji Arafat Mahat1,2*, Dzulkiflee Ismail3
and Aidil Fahmi Shadan4
1Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty
of Science,
Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia,
81310
UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2Centre
for Sustainable Nanomaterials,
Ibnu
Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research,
Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia,
81310
UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
3School
of Health Sciences,
Universiti
Sains Malaysia,
16150
Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
4Department
of Chemistry Malaysia,
Jalan
Sultan, 46661 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding
author: waini@utm.my, wawi4476@gmail.com
Received:
21 September 2022; Accepted: 30 January 2023; Published: 22 February 2023
Abstract
Demand for
authenticating and distinguishing the provenance of bee honey among consumers
is continuously rising. Considering vast variations in prices attributable to
different geographical origins, suitable indication on labeling of honey
products is important for consumer protection. Since concentrations of trace
metals can be closely related to geographical origin, the use of spectroscopy
and chemometric techniques for ascertaining the validity of such claim may
prove relevant. In this study, multi-trace metals in stingless bee honey of Heterotrigona
itama species, from different regions and seasons (rainy and dry) in
Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Johor, Selangor and Pahang) were determined via
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Principal
component analysis (PCA) was then applied to recognize the distribution
patterns. Subsequently, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was applied to
perform further classification. With the use of LDA, cross-validation was found
as 95.8% and 89.6% during rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Combination of
ICP-OES data with PCA and LDA techniques has provided accurate classification
of the Malaysian stingless bee honey samples according to their respective
origins. This study provided some elemental information on distribution of
stingless bee honey samples at spatial and temporal levels, and could be used
as a reference for their provenance establishment and authenticity.
Keywords:
honey, stingless bee, provenance, authenticity, spectroscopy,
chemometric
Abstrak
Permintaan untuk mengesahkan dan membezakan asal usul madu lebah di
kalangan pengguna terus meningkat. Mengambil kira variasi besar harga byang
disebabkan oleh asal geografi yang berbeza, petunjuk yang sesuai pada pelabelan
produk madu adalah penting untuk perlindungan pengguna. Oleh kerana kepekatan
logam surih berkait rapat dengan asal geografi, penggunaan teknik spektroskopi
dan kemometrik untuk menentukan kesahihan tuntutan tersebut mungkin terbukti
relevan. Dalam kajian ini, logam pelbagai surih dalam madu lebah tanpa sengatan
dari spesies Heterotrigona itama, dari pelbagai rantau dan musim (hujan
dan kering) di Semenanjung Malaysia (Kedah, Johor, Selangor dan Pahang)
ditentukan melalui plasma gandingan teraruh-spektrometri pancaran optik (ICP-OES).
Analisis komponen utama (PCA) kemudian digunakan untuk mengenal corak taburan. Seterusnya,
analisis diskriminan linear (LDA) telah digunakan untuk melaksanakan
klasifikasi lanjutan. Dengan penggunaan LDA, pengesahan silang masing-masing adalah
95.8% dan 89.6% pada musim hujan dan kering. Gabungan data ICP-OES dengan
teknik PCA dan LDA telah memberikan klasifikasi tepat sampel madu lebah tanpa
sengatan Malaysia mengikut asal usul masing-masing. Kajian ini memberikan
beberapa maklumat unsur mengenai taburan sampel madu lebah tanpa sengatan pada
tahap spasial dan temporal, dan dapat digunakan sebagai rujukan untuk asal usul
dan keasliannya.
Kata
kunci: madu, lebah
tanpa sengatan, asal usul, ketulenan, spektroskopi, kemometrik
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