Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 1 (2023): 129 - 146

ACETAL DERIVATIVES OF HYDROXYCITRONELLAL: A REVIEW ON SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND THEIR MOSQUITOE REPELLENT ACTIVITIES

(Terbitan Asetal Hidroksisitronelal: Ulasan ke atas Sintesis, Pencirian dan Aktiviti Penghalau Nyamuk)

Ariff Mahtar and Juliana Jumal*

Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: juliana.j@usim.edu.my

Received: 7 September 2022; Accepted: 20 December 2022; Published: 22 February 2023

Abstract

Mosquitoes represent the deadliest animal species in tropical regions because they can affect human health. Personal protection which is mosquito repellent has been used since 20^th century. Mosquito repellent which contains plant-based ingredients has high demand from consumers since its efficacy is as good as synthetic ones. Citronella genus plants are originally extracted to be used in perfumery, then they were used for ingredients of plant-based mosquito repellents as they have repellent properties. Citronellal-based repellent has an effective dose such as N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide dose. However, the oil content has high volatility causing it to reduce its efficacy because the oil evaporates. Recently, the structure of citronellal compound has been modified into hydroxycitronellal by adding some functional groups to reduce the release rate, prolong the protection time and improve the stability of the compound. The release rate properties are affected by functional groups and the molar mass of the compounds. This paper presents a summary of recent catalyst and solvent usage during synthesis, characterization and comparison of mosquito repellents.

Keywords: synthesis, hydroxycitronellal, acetal derivatives, mosquito repellent

Abstrak

Perlindungan diri iaitu penghalau nyamuk telah digunakan sejak abad ke-20. Nyamuk mewakili spesies haiwan yang paling mematikan di kawasan tropika kerana ia boleh menjejaskan kesihatan manusia. Ubat nyamuk yang mengandungi bahan berasaskan tumbuhan mendapat permintaan tinggi daripada pengguna memandangkan keberkesanannya setanding dengan sintetik. Tumbuhan genus Citronella pada asalnya diekstrak untuk digunakan dalam minyak wangi, kemudian ia digunakan untuk bahan-bahan penghalau nyamuk berasaskan tumbuhan kerana ia mempunyai sifat penghalau. Penghalau berasaskan sitronelal mempunyai dos berkesan seperti dos N,N-dietil-meta-toluamida. Walau bagaimanapun, kandungan minyak mempunyai kemeruapan yang tinggi menyebabkan ia mengurangkan keberkesanannya kerana minyak menyejat. Struktur sebatian sitronel telah diubah suai dengan menambah beberapa kumpulan berfungsi untuk mengurangkan kadar pelepasan, memanjangkan masa perlindungan dan meningkatkan kestabilan sebatian. Sifat kadar pelepasan dipengaruhi oleh kumpulan berfungsi dan jisim molar sebatian. Kertas ini membentangkan ringkasan penggunaan pemangkin dan pelarut terkini semasa sintesis, pencirian dan perbandingan penghalau nyamuk.

Kata kunci: sintesis, hidroksisitronelal, terbitan asetal, penghalau nyamuk

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