Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 21 No 6 (2017): 1399 - 1408

NANOEMULSION BASED PALM OLEIN AS VITAMIN E CARRIER

(Nanoemulsi Berasaskan Olein Sawit Sebagai Pembawa Vitamin E)

Suria Ramli^{1, 2}*, Norhakimah Norhman¹, Norhidayu Zainuddin¹, Safiah Mohamad Ja’afar¹, Irman Abdul Rahman³

¹School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology

²Polymer Research Center

³School of Applied Physics

Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: su_ramli@ukm.edu.my

Received: 28 September 2016; Accepted: 6 March 2017

Abstract

Aging process makes our skin getting thinner and drier. Antioxidant based on nanoemulsion system is favourable because of its effectiveness. This study was conducted to develop nanoemulsion system based on palm olein as a carrier of vitamin E and the physicochemical behaviours of the system were studied. Palm olein as oil phase, polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (Brij 30) was used as a surfactant and vitamin E as an anti-aging agent. The mixtures of Brij 30 and palm olein at certain ratios were thoroughly mixed and titrated with 5 – 95% wt. of water and homogenized by using homogenizer. The Palm olein/Brij 30/Water mixtures that produced a clear solution and no birefringence after observation under polarized light microscopy are labelled as nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion region was shown in ternary phase diagram. Based on the ternary diagram, these systems were formed at oil: surfactant (O/S) ratio 4:6, 5:5 and 6:4 and 20 – 50% wt of water. These systems were then characterized for stability test, particle size, electrical conductivity, viscosity and pH. Stability test was done at three temperatures, which were 4, 25 and 40 °C for one month and four cycles of freeze-thaw at storage temperature for 12 hours at each temperature. The systems were stable and no phase separation was observed. Particle size analysis showed that most systems have a particle size within the range of nanoemulsion (20 – 500 nm). Electrical conductivity tests showed that water-in-oil system formed at low water percentage (20 – 30% wt. of water) and bicontinuous at a higher percentage (30 – 50% wt. of water). Viscosity of both systems vitamin E-loaded and unloaded is very low. All systems have a pH value in a range of 6 – 7, which are suitable to be applied to human skin. Based on the physical characteristics of the system, it shows high potential as a vitamin E carrier.

Keywords: nanoemulsion, palm olein, vitamin E, ternary phase diagram, anti-aging agent

Abstrak

Proses penuaan menyebabkan kulit kita menjadi semakin nipis dan kering. Antioksida yang berasaskan sistem nanoemulsi lebih digemari kerana kesannya yang lebih berkesan. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk membangunkan sistem berasaskan olein sawit sebagai pembawa vitamin E dibangunkan dan sifat fizikokimianya dikaji. Olein sawit sebagai fasa minyak, polioksietilena (4) lauril eter (Brij 30) digunakan sebagai surfaktan dan vitamin E sebagai bahan aktif. Campuran Brij 30 dan olein sawit dikacau sehingga sebati dan seterusnya dititratkan air sebanyak 5 – 95% (berat/berat) dan dihomogenkan menggunakan alat penghomogenan. Campuran Olein Sawit/Brij 30/Air yang menghasilkan larutan jernih dan tiada dwibiasan dilabelkan sebagai nanoemulsi selepas pemerhatian di bawah mikroskop cahaya terkutub. Rantau nanoemulsi ditunjukkan di dalam gambar rajah fasa ternari. Berdasarkan kepada gambar rajah fasa ternari, sistem ini terhasil pada nisbah minyak:surfaktan (M/S) sebanyak 4:6, 5:5 dan 6:4 dengan peratusan air sebanyak 20 – 50% (berat/berat). Seterusnya, sistem tersebut dicirikan melalui ujian kestabilan, saiz partikel, kekonduksian elektrik, kelikatan dan pH. Ujian kestabilan dilakukan pada setiap suhu berbeza iaitu 4 °C, 25 °C dan 40 °C selama sebulan dan empat kitaran pemanasan-penyejukan dengan suhu penyimpanan selama 12 jam pada setiap suhu. Sistem-sistem tersebut adalah stabil dan tidak berlaku perubahan fasa. Ujian pengukuran saiz partikel menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan sistem bersaiz di dalam julat saiz nanoemulsi iaitu di antara 20 –500 nm. Melalui ujian kekonduksian elektrik, dijangkakan sistem air-dalam-minyak pada 20% hingga 30% (berat/berat). Kelikatan nanoemulsi tanpa atau dengan bahan aktif pula adalah sangat rendah. Semua sistem mempunyai nilai pH yang berada dalam julat 6 – 7, di mana ianya sesuai diaplikasi pada kulit. Berdasarkan kepada sifat fizikal sistem, ia sesuai diaplikasikan sebagai pembawa vitamin E.

Kata kunci: nanoemulsi, olein sawit, vitamin E, rajah fasa ternari, agen anti-penuaan

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