Malaysian
Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 5 (2019): 901 - 913
DOI:
10.17576/mjas-2019-2305-15
EXTRACTION
AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROFIBRILLATED AND NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE FROM
OFFICE PAPER WASTE
(Pengekstrakan dan Pencirian Mikrofibril dan Nanofibril
Selulosa daripada Sisa Kertas Pejabat)
Siti Fatimah Md Hanafiah1,
Wan Hazman Danial1*, Mohd Armi Abu Samah1, Wan Zurina
Samad1, Deny Susanti1, Rosliza Mohd Salim1,
Zaiton Abdul Majid2
1Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah
of Science,
International
Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor
Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
*Corresponding
author: whazman@iium.edu.my
Received: 16 January 2019; Accepted: 14 August
2019
Abstract
The
tremendous increase in papermaking and cellulose production, both of which are
sourced from wood pulp, has resulted in the severe exploitation of trees,
thereby leading to environmental problems, including deforestation. Besides,
the reduction of paper usage is not on the horizon. Thus, when it comes to the
environmental issue, the extraction of cellulose from paper waste can be an
alternative initiative to mitigate the negative impact of deforestation via the reuse of paper waste. In this
study, the extraction of cellulose microfibres and nanofibres was achieved
through the use of office paper waste as the source material. Alkali and
bleaching treatments were employed for the extraction of cellulose fibres,
followed by acid hydrolysis under controlled conditions for the isolation of
the cellulose nanofibres. The alkali treatment was carried out using various
concentrations of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, while
the bleaching treatment was carried out using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
solution. The extraction of nano-fibrillated cellulose was achieved by means of
acid hydrolysis with various concentrations of 5%, 15%, 30% and 60% sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) under controlled conditions. The structural
and functional groups were analysed using attenuated total reflection Fourier
transform infra-red (ATR-FTIR) imaging, while a morphological analysis was
performed using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
The FTIR analysis indicated that the lignin, ink, fillers and other components
had been removed after the alkali and bleaching treatments. The imaging
analysis using an optical microscope showed that the extracted cellulose had a
fibrous and rod-like structure, while the TEM images showed that the extracted
cellulose ranged from micro to nano size down to ~20-30 nm depending on the
concentration of acid used. The extraction of either micro-fibrillated or
nano-fibrillated cellulose from office paper waste in this work might pave the
way towards the alternative reuse of office paper waste for the production and
application of cellulose materials.
Keywords:
cellulose, microfibrillated, nanofibrillated,
office paper waste
Abstrak
Peningkatan besar dalam
penghasilan kertas dan selulosa, di mana kedua-dua sumber berasal dari pulpa
kayu telah menyebabkan eksploitasi hutan yang teruk membawa masalah alam
sekitar, iaitu penebangan hutan. Selain itu, pengurangan penggunaan kertas agak
tidak seimbang. Oleh itu, berhubung dengan isu alam sekitar, pengambilan
selulosa dari sisa kertas boleh menjadi inisiatif alternatif untuk mengurangkan
kesan negatif melalui kitar semula sisa kertas. Dalam kajian ini, pengekstrakan
selulosa mikrofibril dan nanofibril telah dicapai menggunakan bahan buangan
kertas sebagai sumber. Rawatan alkali dan pelunturan digunakan untuk
pengestrakan serat selulosa diikuti oleh kaedah hidrolisis asid yang terkawal
untuk pengasingan selulosa nanofibril. Rawatan alkali dijalankan menggunakan
pelbagai kepekatan 2%, 4%, 8% dan 16% natrium hidroksida (NaOH) manakala
rawatan pelunturan dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan natrium hipoklorit
(NaClO). Pengekstrakan selulosa nanofibril dicapai dengan menggunakan kaedah
hidrolisis asid yang terkawal dengan pelbagai kepekatan 5%, 15%, 30% dan 60%
asid sulfurik (H2SO4). Analisa kumpulan struktur dan fungsi dianalisis dengan
menggunakan pantulan keseluruhan dikecilkan spektroskopi infra-merah
transformasi Fourier (ATR-FTIR) manakala pengimejan dan analisis morfologi
diperiksa menggunakan mikroskop optik dan mikroskop elektron transmisi (TEM).
Analisis FTIR menunjukkan lignin, dakwat, pengisi dan komponen lain dikeluarkan
selepas rawatan alkali dan pelunturan. Analisa pengimejan menggunakan mikroskop
optik menunjukkan struktur berserat dan rod seperti selulosa dapat diekstrak
manakala imej TEM menunjukkan saiz selulosa yang diekstrak dari mikro ke saiz
nano hingga ~20-30 nm bergantung kepada kepekatan asid yang digunakan.
Pengekstrakan selulosa microfibril atau nanofibril dari sisa kertas pejabat
dalam kajian ini mungkin membuka jalan ke arah penggunaan semula sisa kertas
pejabat dalam pengeluaran dan aplikasi bahan selulosa.
Kata kunci: selulosa, microfibril, nanofibril, sisa kertas pejabat
References
1.
Nguyen,
S. T., Feng, J., Li Ai, T. T., Hoang, N., Vincent Tan, B. C. and Duong Hai, M.
(2013). Cellulose aerogel from paper waste for crude oil spill cleaning. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, 52: 18386-18391.
2.
Riyad,
A. S. M. (2014). Scenario of paper waste recycling and reuse practices in
Khulna City of Bangladesh. International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(3): 705-711.
3.
Chirayil,
C. J., Mathew, L., and Thomas, S. (2014). Review recent research in
nanocellulose preparation from different lignocellulosic fibers. Review Advance Materials Science, 37:
20-28.
4.
Danial,
W. H., Majid, Z. A., Mohd Muhid, M. N., Triwahyono, S., Bakar, M. B., and
Ramli, Z. (2015). The reuse of wastepaper for the extraction of cellulose
nanocrystals. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118:
165-169.
5.
Jannatun,
N. I., and Zulhabri, I. (2014). Sustainable construction waste management
strategic implementation model. WSEAS
TRANSACTIONS on Environment and Development, 10: 48-58.
6.
Orue,
A., Santamaria-Echart, A., Eceiza, A., Pena-Rodriguez, C. and Arbelaiz, A.
(2017). Office waste paper as cellulose nanocrystal source. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134: 45257.
7.
Nguyen,
H. D., Mai, T. T. T., Nguyen, N. B., Dang, T. D., Le, M. L. P., Dang, T.T., and
Tran, V. M., (2013). A novel method for preparing microfibrillated cellulose
from bamboo fibers. Advanced in Natural
Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 4: 1-9.
8.
Hathama,
R. H., and Muna, H. S. (2014). Novel method for extraction of cellulose from
agricultural and industrial wastes. Chemical
Technology an Indian Journal, 9(4): 148-153.
9.
Cherian,
B. M., Leão, A. L., de Souza, S. F., Thomas, S., Pothan, L. A., and Kottaisamy,
M. (2010). Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam
explosion. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81:
720-725.
10.
Dong,
H., Strawhecker, K. E., Snyder, J. F., Orlicki, J. A., Reiner, R. S., and
Rudie, A. W. (2012). Cellulose nanocrystals as a reinforcing material for
electrospunpoly(methyl methacrylate) fibers: Formation, properties and
nanomechanical characterization. Carbohydrate
Polymers, 87: 2488-2495.